Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North and the South

The Menace of Secession: What if the nation divided?  What to do with: National debt? National debt? Territories? Territories? Fugitive slave law? Fugitive slave law? Underground railroad? Underground railroad? European involvement? European involvement?

South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter April 12, Problem with Ft. Sumter? 2. Provisions vs. reinforcement 3. Over in less than two days; north surrenders 4. SC enforces sovereignty

Commander of the Army General Winfield Scott

Border States Mo, Ky, Md, De; later WV providing the much needed manufacturing capacity, waterways, and munitions to win war. Martial law declared in Md and suspension of habeas corpus implemented

Native Americans and the CW 1. The five civilized tribes sided with south 2. CSA paid federal obligations to tribes 3. Tribesmen fought for CSA 4. Plain Indians and some Cherokees sided with Union

Brother against Brother Thomas Crittenden Union George Crittenden Confederacy

Strength of South 1. Defensive war 2. Military leadership 3. Motivated and well trained troops

Strengths of North North Pop.22 mil Industrialx9 Firearms97% RR71% Cloth 94% Shoes90% Soldiers2 mil South South 9 mil (3.5 slaves) 13%29%6%10%800,000

Northern Generals McClellan Sherman US Grant

Southern Generals Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee

What if? Game Changers:  If border states seceded…  If Northern border states sided with CSA…  If blockade broken by GB or FR…  If early Northern defeats equated to armistice…

Dethroning King Cotton  In part, thanks to Uncle Tom’s Cabin  Antislavery sentiment building (1830s)  Europe had plenty of cotton reserves; India and Egypt  Europe needed grains from the North, not cotton from the South

The Decisiveness of Diplomacy  Trent affair: Confederate diplomats bound for Europe Confederate diplomats bound for Europe Taken as Union prisoners Taken as Union prisoners  The Alabama incident: “warships” built in GB for CSA “warships” built in GB for CSA

Foreign Flare-ups  Two Iron-clad ships for CSA by a GB Co.  Canadian/US tensions on rise Raid in Vermont by confederate soldiers attacking from Canada Irish-American “armies”  Dominion of Canada est.  France invades Mexico; leaves after CW is over and US can enforce Monroe Doctrine.

Pres. vs Pres. CSA constitution based on states rights; a problem during war. Established, patient, playing to constituents

Lincoln and his Shady Decisions  Naval blockade  Increase of federal army w/o congress approval  $2M advance for military munitions  Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus  Supervised voting in border states  Suspending newspapers; obstructing war

Volunteers and Draftees: North… New York Draft Riots pinned Irish against Blacks $300 Substitutes allowed

…and South  Draftees: y/o y/o One year earlier than North One year earlier than North Substitution Substitution >20 slaves = exemption >20 slaves = exemption “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”

Economic and Social Strains 1. North a.Booming markets: war supplies b.Criticized by public c.Inflation d.Conscription i.Substitutes! = ii.NY Riots 2.South a. Inflation b. Food shortages

The North’s Economic Boom  New factories  Protective tariffs  “Fortunes of war”  Civil War Millionaires  Northern Grafting  “Shoddy millionaires”  Mechanization = less manpower in both industry and farming  Petroleum/coal

The Economic Stresses of War: Money Raisers!  North  Excise tax: alcohol/tobacco  Income tax  Morrill Tariff Act  Bonds: $2.6 Billion!  National Banking System (1863) ; later to be the Federal Reserve System (1913)  Greenbacks (currency) South Blockade diminishing customs duties Bonds: $4 million Increased taxes = 1% Bluebacks (currency)

Women & the Civil War  Government girls  Industrial employment  From 25% to 33%  On battle field w/husband  As spies, nurses, clerks

A Crushed Cotton Kingdom  National wealth drops from 30% to 12% by 1870  Per capita income drops by 26% compared to North  Transportation systems collapsed Northern captains of Industry captains of Industry__________________Southern Lords of the Manor