THE EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE CIVIL WAR Events Leading Up to the Civil War

Read the following quote by Abraham Lincoln. “‘A house divided against itself cannot stand.’ I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved – I do not expect the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it…or its (supporters) will push it forward till it shall become…lawful in all the states, old as well as new, North as well as South.” What point is Lincoln making about the future faced by the United States?

EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR 1.The Missouri Compromise 2.Nullification and States Rights 3.The Mexican War and The Compromise of 1850/Fugitive Slave Law 4.Kansas-Nebraska Act/Bleeding Kansas 5.Dred Scott 6.Lincoln-Douglas debate 7.Harper’s Ferry/John Brown 8.The Election of 1860

The Missouri Compromise When? What was it? How was the issue resolved? Significance? LINK TO MAP

EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR 1.The Missouri Compromise 2.Nullification and States Rights

Nullification and States Rights Players: President – Andrew Jackson VP – John C. Calhoun (SC) Senator – Daniel Webster (Mass) Congressman Henry Clay (the “Great Compromiser”) Issue? 1.North’s position 2.South/West position 1828 Tariff of Abominations/Calhoun - Theory of Nullification-Based on State Rights Webster’s response to Calhoun Tariff of 1832 and South’s response? Pres. Jackson and the Force Act Henry Clays’ Compromise Bill to Tariff of 1832 Significance? One more nail in the coffin

EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR 1.The Missouri Compromise 2.Nullification and States Rights 3.The Mexican War and The Compromise of 1850

Background: Territorial Expansion Who owns what? In 1815, save for the Louisiana Purchase, Spain held onto most of the land west of the Mississippi. Spanish holdings eventually encompassed present- day Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, California and more. Mexican independence in 1821 gave the new country all of Spain’s holdings. North of California was Oregon Territory, disputed between America and England.

Let’s take a quick look at Manifest Destiny Phrase coined in 1845 by John L. O’Sullivan, editor of the Democratic Review. Definition: Expressed conviction that the development of a superior system of government and lifestyle dictated a God-given right of Americans to spread their civilization to the four corners of the continent. Territorial expansion was a mandate of Manifest Destiny.

“Winning” the West Annexing Texas (1845) California and New Mexico (1848) The Oregon Question (1846)

Illinois (1818)Alabama (1819) Indiana (1816)Mississippi (1817) Ohio (1803)Louisiana (1812) Vermont (1791)Tennessee (1796) Rhode IslandKentucky (1792) New YorkVirginia New HampshireNorth Carolina MassachusettsSouth Carolina ConnecticutMaryland New JerseyGeorgia PennsylvaniaDelaware Maine (1820) Iowa (1846) California (1850) Michigan (1837) Wisconsin (1848) Free States Slave States Original 13 States Missouri (1821) Arkansas (1836) Florida (1845) Texas (1845) 1850

* people in UT and NM used popular sovereignty to decide on the slavery issue Compromise of 1850 I. California admitted as a free state. II. Utah and New Mexico territories to decide about slavery. III. The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C. IV. The Fugitive Slave Law was passed.

You could be fined and/or imprisoned for helping a runaway slave. The Fugitive Slave Law All Americans, by law, were required to help catch runaway slaves. No trial by jury for fugitive slaves This law infuriated northerners!

This helped lead to the Underground Railroad

Literature: another emotional trigger between the North and South Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Harriet Beecher Stowe Effect?

EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR 1.The Missouri Compromise 2.Nullification and States Rights 3.The Mexican War and The Compromise of 1850/Fugitive Slave Law 4.Kansas-Nebraska Act/Bleeding Kansas

Kansas-Nebraska Act I. The Nebraska Territory was divided into two parts: Nebraska (NE) and Kansas (KS).

Both sides claimed victory on the vote! “Bleeding Kansas” Before the vote on slavery: Northerners crossed the border to keep KS a free state. Southerners crossed the border to make KS a slave state.

* In 1856, an abolitionist named John Brown murdered five proslavery men. * Over 200 people died in the fighting that followed. The abolitionist John Brown lived in Kansas Territory. Brown and his sons were responsible for the brutal murder of several proslavery men near Pottawatomie, Kansas. The men were called out of their homes at night and hacked to death with swords. This was just one of many incidents that earned Kansas Territory the name of "Bleeding Kansas.” JOHN BROWN VIDEO (4:00)

On May 19, 1856, Senator Charles Sumner, a Massachusetts antislavery Republican, addressed the Senate on the…

EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR 1.The Missouri Compromise 2.Nullification and States Rights 3.The Mexican War and The Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law 4.Kansas-Nebraska Act/Bleeding Kansas 5.Dred Scott

Dred Scott Decision: Facts Supreme Court Ruling Dred Scott

RESULTS: Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (Compromise of 1850) Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (KS-NE Act) Missouri Compromise line is declared unconstitutional (Dred Scott Decision) 1.Sup Ct. denied the citizenship of African Americans and gave them the status of property. 2.SC denied the right of the federal government to control slavery in US territories. 3.SIGNIFICANCE? The Dred Scott decision ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and cast serious doubt on the legality of the Comp. of 1850

EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR 1.The Missouri Compromise 2.Nullification and States Rights 3.The Mexican War and The Compromise of 1850/ Fugitive Slave Law 4.Kansas-Nebraska Act/Bleeding Kansas 5.Dred Scott 6.Lincoln-Douglas Debate

Objective: To examine the importance of the Lincoln – Douglas debates. Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas

The Birth of the Republican Party New party – Republican Party - emerges Who are these Republicans? Keep slavery out of all new territories otherwise they embraced a wide range of opinions Absorbs many different anti-slavery groups

Lincoln – Douglas Debates In 1858, Republican Abraham Lincoln challenged Democratic incumbent Stephen Douglas for his seat in the Senate. (Incumbent – the holder of an office or position) Abraham Lincoln (left) and Stephen Douglas (right)

Douglas believed in “popular sovereignty” when it came to the issue of slavery. Lincoln – Douglas Debates Stephen Douglas: It did not have to be “all or nothing”, the country could be divided on issue of slavery.

Lincoln believed that African Americans entitled to “equality” pursuant to Declaration of Independence. The country must be all free or all slave it cannot remain divided. Crusade against Dred Scott because African Americans entitled to rights and benefits under the Constitution. Lincoln – Douglas Debates Abraham Lincoln:

Significance? As for Lincoln his attack on the “vast moral evil” of slavery drew national attention and he became well known throughout the nation and caught the eye of Republican party honchos. Lincoln – Douglas Debates Results: Douglas won the election by a slim margin. Lincoln-Douglass Debate Video (6:00)Lincoln-Douglass Debate Video (6:00))

EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR 1.The Missouri Compromise 2.Nullification and States Rights 3.The Mexican War and The Compromise of 1850/Fugitive Slave Law 4.Kansas-Nebraska Act/Bleeding Kansas 5.Dred Scott 6.Lincoln-Douglas debate 7.Harper’s Ferry/John Brown

John Brown’s Raid: In October of 1859, John Brown and his followers seized a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. John Brown in August, Significance? The issue of slavery v. antislavery has become an issue of North v. South.

Last Moments of John Brown (painting by Thomas Hovenden) "Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I say, let it be done." --John Brown, statement at his sentencing on Nov. 2, 1859

John Brown painting at Harper's Ferry

EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR 1.The Missouri Compromise 2.Nullification and States Rights 3.The Mexican War and The Compromise of 1850/ Fugitive Slave Law 4.Kansas-Nebraska Act/Bleeding Kansas 5.Dred Scott 6.Lincoln-Douglas debate 7.Harper’s Ferry/John Brown 8.The Election of 1860

Election of 1860: Main Candidates Abraham Lincoln (Republican) Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat) John Breckinridge (Southern Democrat) John Bell (Constitutional Union) * Lincoln won the election.

ADMIN PPTS intro to class etcADMIN PPTS intro to class etc

In response to Lincoln’s victory, the southern states seceded from the Union in 1860, forming the Confederate States of America. Secession: Original Confederate flagEventual Confederate flag