Chapter 13 Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Causes of the Reformation PoliticalEconomicIntellectual Church Abuse Printing Press

Prelude to Reformation (Intellect) Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism Reform minded Focused on early Christian Texts Christian Humanists Desiderius Erasmus (1466 – 1536) Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503) “The Philosophy of Christ” The Praise of Folly (1511)  Criticism of the church’s worst practices Wanted Reform within the Church Why would the church have controlled Christianity so tightly during this period? What was the unifying feature of the Medieval Period?

Prelude to Reform (Intellect) Erasmus wanted all people to be able to read and understand bible Believed in Universal Education Utopia – “nowhere” Thomas MoreCooperation and reason are paramountCommunal property (socialism anyone?)Moral welfare greatest concern

Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation Church Corruption Indulgences Financial concerns Pluralism rampant Wealthy control the best positions “Bad Priests” Meaning of SalvationRelics

Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation “Modern Devotion” Thomas A Kempis – The Imitation of Christ Clergy fails to Reform Religious orders call for reform (monks) Oratory of Divine Love Philosophy of Christ appealing Personal spiritual life and charity

Martin Luther & the Reformation in Germany The Early Luther Law Student Becomes a monk Doctorate in Theology (1512) Pamphlets (1520) Address to the Nobility of the German Nation The Babylonian Captivity of the Church On the Freedom of a Christian Man “Justification by Faith” Primacy of the Bible as the sole religious authority Johann Tetzel and Indulgences The Ninety-Five Theses (1517) Excommunication (1521) Diet of Worms (1521)

The Development of Lutheranism Spread through Germany The Elector of Saxony Dissent from the Humanists The Peasants’ War (1524) State Churches New Religious Services Spread through Germany The Elector of Saxony Dissent from the Humanists The Peasants’ War (1524) State Churches New Religious Services

Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519 – 1556) Francis I of France (1515 – 1547) Habsburg – Valois Wars (1521 – 1544) Pope Clement VII (1523 – 1534) sides with Francis I Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566) Killed king of Hungary; allowed them to attack Vienna Germany’s fragmented political power Hundreds of states; many loyal to no one but self

Peace of Augsburg (Reasons) Wanted to unify empire religiously “ “ centralize power in HRE Needed militarily unified HRE to oppose Turks Charles V attempt to stop fighting in German states

Peace of Augsburg (Results) Each prince allowed to choose between Catholicism & Lutheranism Cuis Regio, eius religio Calvinism not allowed Either move, convert, face severe punishment All land taken after 1552 returned to church

Peace of Augsburg (Results) Charles V divides his empire Phillip II of Spain receives Spain Netherlands Milan Ferdinand, his brother and new HRE Austria Bohemia Hungary Swiss German Lands

Peace of Augsburg (Effects) German States permanently divided Religious peace was established for 60 years BIG ISSUE::: Omission of Calvinism would result in 30 years war (among other things)

The Empire of Charles V ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Spread of the Protestant Reformation The Zwinglian Reformation Ulrich Zwingli Member of the Swiss confederation Taught views different than Luther Purify church of all icons and other symbols Thought Eucharist a ceremony Luther said sacrament Debate in 1529 (Marburg) Only major issue between them Killed in 1531 in southern Germany

The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists Church was a voluntary association of believers Practices Adult baptism Separation of Church and State Swiss Brethren Example of extremists Anabaptists persecuted Menno Simons (1496 – 1561) Separation from the World Mennonites Complete separation from the world is only way.

The Reformation in England Henry VIII (1509 – 1547) Catherine of Aragón (First Wife) Henry seeks to dissolve marriage Anne Boleyn (Second Wife) Elizabeth I

The Reformation in England Act of Supremacy (1534) Thomas Cramner, Archbishop of Canterbury Edward VI (1547 – 1553) Mary I, “Bloody Mary” (1553 – 1558) Intends to restore Catholicism to England Alliance with Spain

John Calvin and the Development of Calvinism John Calvin (1509 – 1564) Institutes of Christian Religion (1536) Predestination Salvation is “predetermined” Purpose of being “the elect” Each person must perform job to best of ability Miscues on meaning Religion > state Obedience to state, unless conflicting with religion Contrary to Luther’s doctrine.

John Calvin and the Development of Calvinism Two Sacraments Baptism The Lord’s Supper Spiritual only Geneva Consistory Morality enforcement board. Established theocratic government ( ) Translated the Bible into French

Calvin’s Influence Geneva becomes a major protestant learning centre Wide appeal to middle class Belief each profession is noble and new wealth is accepted Huguenots, French Calvinists, become a significant threat to French Monarchy Results in French Wars of Religion Puritans arise to ‘purify’ Anglican Church of all Catholic remnants Gain power in 1600’s Separatists removed themselves for CofE Dutch Reformed Church gains power Helps contribute to Netherlands Revolt against Phillip II Presbyterian Church founded in Scotland by John Knox Calvinism influences early U.S

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Counter Reformation: Main Goals (2) Stop and reverse the spread of Protestantism in Europe Spread Catholicism with renewed spiritual energy Pope Paul III: Main drive behind generation Council of Trent: church council that met intermittently during the 16th century to respond to the challenge of the Protestant Reformation

The Catholic Reformation The Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola (1491 – 1556) The Spiritual Exercises Jesuits recognized as a religious order (1540) Absolute obedience to the papacy Three major objectives of Jesuits Education crucial to combating Protestantism Propagation of Catholic faith among non-Catholics Fight Protestantism “preaching, teaching, missions, confessions”

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Catholics and Protestants in Europe in 1560 ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

A Revived Papacy Pope Paul III (1534 – 1549) Reform Commission (1535 – 1537) Recognized Jesuits Council of Trent Roman Inquisition (1542) Destroy any heresy/burn heretics Pope Paul IV (1555 – 1559) Index of Forbidden Books

The Council of Trent Met intermittently from 1545 – 1563 Divisions between moderates and conservatives Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Scripture and Tradition Faith and Good Works Sacraments

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Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century The French Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598) Three Main folks Henry (Bourbon of Navarre) Henry Duke of Guise Henry III, King of France Huguenots (French Calvinists) Conversion of the 40 – 50 percent of French nobility

Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century The Ultra Catholics Revolts against the monarchy The Politiques Henry IV of Navarre (1589 – 1610) Converts to Catholicism Edict of Nantes (1598)

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Philip II and the Cause of Militant Catholicism Philip II of Spain (1556 – 1598) Importance of Catholicism in Spain The Holy League Battle of Lepanto (1571)

The Revolt of the Netherlands Philip tries to strengthen his control Resentment against Philip Calvinists William of Nassau, Prince of Orange United Provinces of the Netherlands (1581)

Malta – A Major Battlefield in the Struggle between Islam and Christianity in the Mediterranean

The England of Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) Act of Supremacy Foreign Policy Conflict with Spain The Spanish Armada (1588)

The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation The Family Marriage and Sex Positive family relationships Women’s Roles Women left with few alternatives in Protestantism Education More wide-focus; at least as far as Bible literacy Religions Practices and Popular Culture Changes in Religious Practices Changes in forms of entertainment

Discussion Questions How did the failings of the Catholic Church lead to the Reformation? What were Martin Luther’s complaints against the Church? What political reasons lay behind the “Wars of Religion?” How and why did Henry VIII break away from Rome? How did the Catholic Church react to the Reformation? Was it effective? What troubles did Philip II of Spain have to confront during his reign and how successful was he in dealing with them?

Web Links The Reformation Project Wittenberg – Martin Luther CCEL – John Calvin Le Poulet Gauche Tudor History BBC – The Spanish Armada History Learning Site – The Counter Reformation