Medical Terminology BASIC WORD STRUCTURE

Basic Word Structure Learning a new language- Medicine Medical Terminology

Objectives 1.Analyze words 2.Relate with structure and function of Human body 3.Be aware of spellings and pronounciation

1.Analyze words Divide them into component parts Do not simply memorize terms Component parts can be used in different combinations

2.Relate with structure and function of Human body Memorization of term, although essential for retention of language, but should not become primary objective of your study Example Hepatitis-inflammation of liver Hepat + itis Hepat -liver Itis - inflammation

3.Be aware of spellings and pronounciation Some medical terms are pronounced alike but are spelled differently ILIUM and ILEUM GYNECOLOGIST and GYNECOLOGY URETHRA and URETER

ILIUM and ILEUM The ilium is one of the bones which makes up the hipbone. It is the largest of the three hipbones, and can be felt as the hip.

How to divide words into component parts Root Combining vowel Suffix

Hematology Hematology Heme/Hemat O Logy Heme-Hemat – Blood (Root) Logy- Study of (Suffix) O – (combining vowel)

Electr / o / cardi /o/ gram Electr – electricity Cardi- Heart (Root) Gram – record (Suffix) O – (combining vowel) Record of electricity of heart or Recording of electrical activity of Heart

Summary ROOT---gives the essential meaning of the term. SUFFIX---is the word ending PREFIX---is a small part added to the beginning of a term. COMBINING VOWEL---connects roots to suffix and roots to other roots. COMBINING FORM---is the combination of the root and the combining vowel.

IMPORTANT RULES TO REMEMBER READ the meaning of medical words from the suffix to the beginning of the word and then across. DROP the combining vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowel. KEEP the combining vowel between word roots,even if the second root begins with a vowel.

COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORM MEANING MEDICAL TERM Aden/o gland adenoma Arthr/o joint arthritis Bi/o life biology Carcin/o cancer carcinoma Cephal/o head Cephalic Cerebr/o cerebrum cerebral Cyst/o Urinary bladder Cystoscope Thromb/o clotting thrombocyte

COMMONLY USED SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning -algia G. algos, pain.e.g arthralgia -ectomy G. ek-tome, cutting out. -itis G. suffix indicating inflammation. -al. Meaning pertaining to e.g neural -cyte meaning cell e.g leukocyte,erythrocyte,thrombocytes -globin meaning protein e.g hemoglobin

COMMONLY USED SUFFIXES -logy G. logos, study of e.g nephrology -opia G. opsis, sight. -rhoea G. rhein, to flow. -scopy G. skopein, to view e.g laparoscopy -uria G. ouron, urine. -scope. Meaning to visually examine e.g cystoscope. -emia. Blood condition e.g leukemia -sis. State of e.g prognosis

CYSTOSCOPE

Laparoscopy for tubal ligation

Commonly used prefixes a-, an- G. lacking, without asexual. ab- L. away from abduction. ad- L. to, toward adduction. af- L. to, toward afferent. Dia- complete, through e.g diagnosis .

Commonly used prefixes cephalo- G. head e.g cephalic. . chondro- G. chondras,cartilage e.g chondrocyte. extra- L. extra, outside e.g extradural. en-, endo- G. within e.g endocardium. epi- G. upon, over e.g epicardium.

Commonly used prefixes exo- G. outside e.g exophthalmos. extra- L. outside e.g extracellular. gastro- G.stomach,belly e.g gastrocolic reflex. hemi- G. half e.g hemisphere. Hyper- meaning excessive,too much e.g hyperthyroidism Hypo-meaning below,less than normal e.g hypothyroidism.

THYROID GLAND and exophthalmos

Commonly used prefixes infra- below e.g infraorbital. inter- between e.g intervertebral. intra- inside, within e.g intramuscular. macro- big, large e.g macrocyte. mega- great e.g megalocyte. meta- after e.g metacarpal. mes-, meso- middle e.g mesogastrium. micro- small e.g microscope. myo- mys, muscle combining form of muscle

Commonly used prefixes osteo- G. osteon, bone osteocyte. para- G. by the side of paravertebral. peri- G. around post- L. after, behind postaxial. prae-, pre- L. before prenatal. pro- G. before, for pronephros. neuro- neuron, nerve combining form of nerve Oo- oon, egg e.g oocyte,

Commonly used prefixes retro- L. backward, behind retroperitoneal. sub- L. under subclavius. supra- L. above supraspinatous. trans- L. across e.g transpyloric. ultra- L. in excess, beyond e.g ultrasonic.