Hiroshima & Nagasaki By: Emma L, Briana H, Kevin B, Nathan K and Courtney C

Historical Info. During World War II Americans dropped bombs over two large Japanese cities. “Little Boy” dropped on Hiroshima August 6,1945 “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki August 9, 1945

Technology of the Bombs Leo Szilard came up with the idea to make a nuclear chain reaction Albert Einstein wrote a letter to the President urging research into the technology of making the bombs The Manhattan Project attempted to invent the nuclear bombs

Research of the Bombs Research took place in Plutonium production facility, Oak Nigel Tennessee, Los Abros and the National Laboratory Scientists:Henri Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie The first nuclear bomb, Trinity was tested in New Mexico on July 16, 1945

Little Boy Dropped on Hiroshima 60 kg (130 lbs.) of Uranium-235 Considered very inefficient Only 1.38% went through Fission Radius of destruction was about 1 mile. About 9,700lbs. 10 ft long and 28 in. in diameter

Area affected by Little Boy The blast of Little Boy killed 66,000 people People still left, died from radiation afterwards

[5] [4] [5] [3] _ [3]... [2]... _._...~ ~.... [4]..[2]. [1].[2].. [4] ~-.-~... [2]... [3] - [3] ~ ~. ~ [5]. [4]. [5].... [1] Vaporization Point Everything is vaporized by the atomic blast. 98% fatalities. Overpress=25 ps. Wind velocity=320 mph. [2] Total Destruction All structures above ground are destroyed. 90% fatalities. Overpress=17 psi. Wind velocity=290 mph. [3] Severe Blast Damage Factories and other large-scale building collapse. Severe damage to highway bridges. Rivers sometimes flow countercurrent. 65% fatalities, 30% injured. Overpress=9 psi. Wind velocity=260 mph. [4] Severe Heat Damage Everything flammable burns. People in the area suffocate due to the fact that most available oxygen is consumed by the fires. 50% fatalities, 45% injured. Overpress=6 psi. Wind velocity=140 mph. [5] Severe Fire & Wind Damage Residency structures are severely damaged. People are blown around. 2nd and 3rd-degree burns suffered by most survivors. 15% dead. 50% injured. Overpress=3 psi. Wind velocity=98 mp

Fat Man Dropped on Nagasaki Core of 6.4 kg (14.2 Ibs.) of Plutonium- 239

Nuclear Fission Splitting of the nucleus of an atom into smaller (lighter) nuclei to free neutrons Start: isotopes called nuclear fuels Fuels can sustain a fission chain reaction and are fissile Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 are common

Nuclear Fission Continued… Atom is split when it collides with another particle (neutron) During fission, fuel is commonly split into two particles. One has a mass of about u The other having a mass of about u

Nuclear Chain Reaction First nuclear fuel splits into two daughter products and few neutrons Free neutrons interact with new products and create another nuclear chain reaction Neutron sustains the nuclear chain reaction because it continues to interact with daughter products and make more nuclear reactions.

Critical Mass Smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction Mass of fissionable material depends on its nuclear properties, density, its shape, its enrichment, its temperature and its surroundings. Critical Mass of Uranium-235 is about 115lbs.

Impact of Bombs and Destructive force Bombs used were triggered by timer, not by ground impact, because ground was too soft. Exploded very close to the ground Destructive force of about 15 kilotons or 15,000 tons of TNT

Radiation Effects The effects of the radiation caused cancer and other sicknesses, years after both bombs were dropped. The radiation stays in area’s where it is released.

Other…

Aftermath of Hiroshima

Nagasaki Before and After After the bomb dropped Before the bomb dropped Three days after bomb was dropped

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