The Second Industrial Revolution

Previously… First Industrial Revolution First Industrial Revolution “Had been forged from iron, powered by steam engines, and driven by the British textile industry.” “Had been forged from iron, powered by steam engines, and driven by the British textile industry.”

Second Phase New Industrial Powers Emerge New Industrial Powers Emerge Belgium becomes next industrialized nation Belgium becomes next industrialized nation William Cockerill opened factories to manufacture spinning and weaving materials William Cockerill opened factories to manufacture spinning and weaving materials

Germany and the United States Had more abundant supplies of coal, iron, and other resources than Britain Had more abundant supplies of coal, iron, and other resources than Britain Used Britain as a model (borrowed technology) Used Britain as a model (borrowed technology) Unification in 1871 gave Germany the right conditions to industrialize Unification in 1871 gave Germany the right conditions to industrialize Why did unification lead to industrialization? Why did unification lead to industrialization? In the US, industrialization followed the Civil War In the US, industrialization followed the Civil War By 1900, manufacturing 30% of the world’s industrial goods By 1900, manufacturing 30% of the world’s industrial goods

Uneven Development Lack of resources and/or capital Lack of resources and/or capital In Russia, social and political conditions slowed industrialization In Russia, social and political conditions slowed industrialization Political revolution in Japan sped up industrialization even though the country lacked resources Political revolution in Japan sped up industrialization even though the country lacked resources MAP MAP MAP

Effects of Industrialization Very similar effects as in Britain Very similar effects as in Britain Urbanization Urbanization Poor working/living conditions Poor working/living conditions Large quantities at low prices Large quantities at low prices More affordable goods More affordable goods New jobs New jobs Change in politics Change in politics Competition between countries Competition between countries

Steel Henry Bessemer and William Kelly each developed a process to make steel from iron Henry Bessemer and William Kelly each developed a process to make steel from iron 1856: Process patented by Bessemer 1856: Process patented by Bessemer Benefits of steel: Benefits of steel: Lighter, harder, more durable than iron, and cheaper to produce Lighter, harder, more durable than iron, and cheaper to produce Uses: Tools, bridges, and railroads Uses: Tools, bridges, and railroads

Steel Bridge in Minneapolis

Chemistry Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobel Dynamite Dynamite Safer alternative to other explosives Safer alternative to other explosives Other new chemically-made products: Other new chemically-made products: Medicines (aspirin) Medicines (aspirin) Perfumes and soaps Perfumes and soaps

Electricity Replaces steam power Replaces steam power First battery: 1800, Alessandro Volta First battery: 1800, Alessandro Volta Michael Faraday Michael Faraday First simple electric motor First simple electric motor Dynamo: Machine that generates electricity Dynamo: Machine that generates electricity Thomas Edison Thomas Edison Improves filament - Electric light bulb Improves filament - Electric light bulb

New Methods of Production Goods made with interchangeable parts Goods made with interchangeable parts Introduction of the assembly line Introduction of the assembly line Production cheaper and faster; cost of products lowered Production cheaper and faster; cost of products lowered

Automobiles Nikolaus Otto Nikolaus Otto Gasoline-powered internal combustion engine Gasoline-powered internal combustion engine Karl Benz Karl Benz 1886, received first patent for an automobile 1886, received first patent for an automobile Three wheels Three wheels Gottleib Daimler Gottleib Daimler 1887, first four-wheeled automobile 1887, first four-wheeled automobile

Henry Ford Henry Ford $5 work day $5 work day Model T 1908 Model T 1908

Orville and Wilbur Wright 1903: Designed and flew an airplane 1903: Designed and flew an airplane Only stayed aloft for a few seconds Only stayed aloft for a few seconds Brought about others to do the same Brought about others to do the same

Communication Samuel F. B. Morse Samuel F. B. Morse Coded messages sent over wires by means of electricity (1844 first line between Baltimore and Washington DC) Coded messages sent over wires by means of electricity (1844 first line between Baltimore and Washington DC) By 1860’s: Trans-Atlantic cable By 1860’s: Trans-Atlantic cable Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell 1876 patented the telephone 1876 patented the telephone Guglielmo Marconi Guglielmo Marconi 1890’s invented the radio 1890’s invented the radio

Big Business To get capital needed to run large businesses, owners sold stock in their companies To get capital needed to run large businesses, owners sold stock in their companies Large businesses formed corporations Large businesses formed corporations

Monopolies Alfred Krupp Alfred Krupp Inherited steelmaking business Inherited steelmaking business Bought coal and iron mines as well as ore deposits Bought coal and iron mines as well as ore deposits Raw materials used to make steel Raw materials used to make steel Acquired plants that made tools, railroad cars, and weapons Acquired plants that made tools, railroad cars, and weapons John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Standard Oil Gained control of oil wells, refineries, and oil pipelines Gained control of oil wells, refineries, and oil pipelines DESTROYED COMPETITION DESTROYED COMPETITION

Regulation “Captains of Industry” “Captains of Industry” Had vision and skill Had vision and skill Employed thousands of workers Employed thousands of workers “Robber Barons” “Robber Barons” Damaged free-enterprise by eliminating competition Damaged free-enterprise by eliminating competition Called for government regulation Called for government regulation

The Rise of Cities

Medical Advances Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur 1870 proved the “germ theory” 1870 proved the “germ theory” Developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax Developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax Discovered “pasteurization” which killed disease- carrying microbes in milk Discovered “pasteurization” which killed disease- carrying microbes in milk Robert Koch Robert Koch Identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis Identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis 1914: It was found that yellow fever and malaria were caused by microbes carried by mosquitoes 1914: It was found that yellow fever and malaria were caused by microbes carried by mosquitoes

Improvements in Hospitals What were some of the problems in hospitals before reforms were made? What were some of the problems in hospitals before reforms were made? Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale “The very first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm” “The very first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm” Insisted on better hygiene Insisted on better hygiene Joseph Lister Joseph Lister Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection

Cities Change Paris Paris Urban renewal Urban renewal Made many jobs Made many jobs Wide boulevards Wide boulevards Hard for rebels to blockade the streets Hard for rebels to blockade the streets Easy for troops to reach any part of the city Easy for troops to reach any part of the city United States United States Rich lived in suburbs around cities Rich lived in suburbs around cities Poor lived in crowded cities Poor lived in crowded cities

TENEMENTS OVERSEERS MIDDLE MANAGEMENT FACTORY OWNERS LAWRENCELAWRENCE CANALCANAL

Other Changes in Cities Lights illuminated streets Lights illuminated streets Made streets safer at night Made streets safer at night Paved streets Paved streets Sewage systems Sewage systems More sanitary cities More sanitary cities Steel used to construct skyscrapers (Louis Sullivan) Steel used to construct skyscrapers (Louis Sullivan) Single-family middle-class homes gave way to multi-story apartment buildings Single-family middle-class homes gave way to multi-story apartment buildings

Slums Urban life for workers still harsh Urban life for workers still harsh Lived in tenements Lived in tenements High crime rates High crime rates Unemployment or illness could ruin a family Unemployment or illness could ruin a family Despite this, many people were still drawn to the excitement of cities, not only to live in, but for vacations too. Despite this, many people were still drawn to the excitement of cities, not only to live in, but for vacations too.

Labor Unions Workers form mutual-aid societies Workers form mutual-aid societies Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 forced governments to make worker reforms Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 forced governments to make worker reforms By 1900’s, most countries legalized unions By 1900’s, most countries legalized unions Used strikes to demand for better conditions, increase wages, or demand other benefits for workers Used strikes to demand for better conditions, increase wages, or demand other benefits for workers Often turned violent Often turned violent

Bread and Roses Strike Lawrence, MA Lawrence, MA Strike against textile mills (American Woolen Company) Strike against textile mills (American Woolen Company) January-March 1912 January-March 1912 Reasons: Reasons: Low wages Low wages Bad working and living conditions Bad working and living conditions Leaders of strike part of IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) Leaders of strike part of IWW (Industrial Workers of the World)

Reforms Laws passed to regulate working conditions Laws passed to regulate working conditions Banned child labor, and banned women from working in mines Banned child labor, and banned women from working in mines 1909, British miners won an 8-hour work day 1909, British miners won an 8-hour work day Set the standard elsewhere Set the standard elsewhere Old-age pensions Old-age pensions Disability insurance Disability insurance

Rise in Standards of Living Even though many people still lived hard lives, working long hours for small wages, the standards of living rose Even though many people still lived hard lives, working long hours for small wages, the standards of living rose Ate more varied diets Ate more varied diets Lived in better homes Lived in better homes Dressed in inexpensive, mass-produced clothing Dressed in inexpensive, mass-produced clothing Medicine improved health Medicine improved health Move to suburbs (commute to cities via subways and trolleys) Move to suburbs (commute to cities via subways and trolleys) PHOTOGRAPHS PHOTOGRAPHS PHOTOGRAPHS Still large gaps between working and middle classes Still large gaps between working and middle classes