VOCABULARY 101 MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS

an·ti·dis·es·tab·lish·men·tar·i·an·ism anti- against anti- against dis- not or opposite of dis- not or opposite of establishment- the recognition by a state of a church as the state church establishment- the recognition by a state of a church as the state church arian- forming nouns denoting a person who supports, advocates, or practices a doctrine, theory, or set of principles associated with the base word arian- forming nouns denoting a person who supports, advocates, or practices a doctrine, theory, or set of principles associated with the base word ism- Doctrine; theory; system of principles ism- Doctrine; theory; system of principles

opposition to the withdrawal of state support or recognition from an established church, esp. the Anglican Church in 19th-century England. opposition to the withdrawal of state support or recognition from an established church, esp. the Anglican Church in 19th-century England. originally, opposition to the disestablishment of the Church of England, now opposition to the belief that there should no longer be an official church in a country originally, opposition to the disestablishment of the Church of England, now opposition to the belief that there should no longer be an official church in a country

Questions to ponder: What is vocabulary? What is vocabulary? What is literacy? What is literacy? From where do our words come? From where do our words come? Why do we say things the way that we do? Why do we say things the way that we do? Who said, “This will be known as dog. That will be know as sky.”? Who said, “This will be known as dog. That will be know as sky.”?

MORPHEME mor·pheme mor·pheme –noun Linguistics. any of the minimal grammatical units of a language, each constituting a word or meaningful part of a word, that cannot be divided into smaller independent grammatical parts, as the, write, or the -ed of waited. –noun Linguistics. any of the minimal grammatical units of a language, each constituting a word or meaningful part of a word, that cannot be divided into smaller independent grammatical parts, as the, write, or the -ed of waited. [Origin: 1895–1900; < F morphème; see morph-, -eme ] [Origin: 1895–1900; < F morphème; see morph-, -eme ] morph--eme morph--eme

morpho- or morph- pref. morpho- or morph- pref. Form; shape; structure: morphogenesis. Form; shape; structure: morphogenesis. Morpheme: morphophonemics. Morpheme: morphophonemics. [Greek, from morphē, shape.] [Greek, from morphē, shape.]

-eme -eme a suffix used principally in linguistics to form nouns with the sense “significant contrastive unit,” at the level of language specified by the stem: morpheme; tagmeme. a suffix used principally in linguistics to form nouns with the sense “significant contrastive unit,” at the level of language specified by the stem: morpheme; tagmeme. [Origin: extracted from phoneme ] [Origin: extracted from phoneme ]phoneme

MORPHEMES Word part clues Word part clues Meaningful parts of words Meaningful parts of words Smallest unit of meaning Smallest unit of meaning –Run (one morpheme) –Runs (two morphemes) WHY??? WHY???

MORPHEMES Include: Include: –root or base word(s) –Greek and Latin roots –Affixes (prefixes and suffixes)

TYPES OF MORPHEMES

FREE MORPHEMES Can stand alone as words Can stand alone as words Anglo-Saxon Root words Anglo-Saxon Root words Run, hop, love, hive, dog, live, store, help, play… Run, hop, love, hive, dog, live, store, help, play…

BOUND MORPHEMES Cannot stand alone as words Cannot stand alone as words affixes and word roots affixes and word roots Pre-, re-, un-, -ing, -er, -s, -ful… Pre-, re-, un-, -ing, -er, -s, -ful… Greek roots Greek roots Bio, graph, scope Bio, graph, scope Latin roots Latin roots dict, ject, struct dict, ject, struct

BOUND MORPHEMES Prefixes: Prefixes: dis-, in-, re-, un- dis-, in-, re-, un- Derivational Suffixes: Derivational Suffixes: -full, -less, -ly -full, -less, -ly (change a word’s part of speech) (change a word’s part of speech) Inflectional Suffixes: Inflectional Suffixes: -ed, -es, -ing, -s -ed, -es, -ing, -s (change the form of a word but not part of speech) (change the form of a word but not part of speech)

GREEK AND LATIN ROOTS

(bound morphemes that cannot stand alone as words in English) Latin roots provide clues to the meanings of more than a quarter of a million English words. Latin roots provide clues to the meanings of more than a quarter of a million English words. Greek combining forms constitute the majority of words in scientific and technological vocabulary of English. Greek combining forms constitute the majority of words in scientific and technological vocabulary of English.

Root Words and Word Families A root or base word is a single word that cannot be broken into smaller words or word parts. A root or base word is a single word that cannot be broken into smaller words or word parts. Root words are words from which many other words are formed. Root words are words from which many other words are formed. Knowing the meaning of one root word can provide a bridge to the meaning of other words related in meaning, or words belonging to a word family. Knowing the meaning of one root word can provide a bridge to the meaning of other words related in meaning, or words belonging to a word family.

 Twenty prefixes account for 97 percent of the prefixed words in school reading materials.  Four prefixes (un-, re-, in-, and dis-) account for 58 percent of all prefixed words.  About 60 percent of the words in English text are of Greek and Latin origin.

Using Word Part Clues to Derive Word Meaning StepAction Example Word: disagreement 1 Look for the Root Word. What does it mean? agree = to have the same opinion 2 Look for a prefix. What does it mean? dis = not or opposite 3 Look for a suffix. What does it mean? ment = state or quality of something 4 Put the meanings of the word parts together. What is the meaning of the whole word? dis + agree + ment = state or quality of not having the same opinion.

Practice Divide the words below by placing a + between their separate morphemes. (Some of the words may be monomorphemic and therefore indivisible.) Also indicate whether the morphemes are free (F) or bound (B) elements. Divide the words below by placing a + between their separate morphemes. (Some of the words may be monomorphemic and therefore indivisible.) Also indicate whether the morphemes are free (F) or bound (B) elements. Example: replaces -- re (B) + place (F) + s (B) Example: replaces -- re (B) + place (F) + s (B) retroactive, befriended, televise, margin, endearment, psychology, impalatable, holiday, grandmother, morphemic, cursive, Massachusetts, tourists, basically, timely, retroactive, befriended, televise, margin, endearment, psychology, impalatable, holiday, grandmother, morphemic, cursive, Massachusetts, tourists, basically, timely,