Active Learning Assignment Sub: DC Machines and Transformer ( ) Topic: O.C & S.C Test, Sumpner or back to back Test, Condition for maximum efficiency, All day Efficiency Guided By: Prof. Hitesh Manani Branch: Electrical Engineering Div: B Prepared By: (1) Abhishek Choksi (2) Himal Desai (3) Harsh Dedakiya

Contents Open Circuit or no load test Short Circuit or Impedance Test Sumpner or Back to Back Test Condition for Maximum Efficiency All day Efficiency References

Open-circuit Test A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of the transformer as shown in the figure below.

The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side with the help of a variac of variable transformer. The HV side of the transformer is kept open. Now with help of variac applied voltage is slowly increase until the voltmeter gives reading equal to the rated voltage of the LV side. After reaching at rated voltage, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings) are recorded. The ammeter reading gives the no load current I 0. As no load current I 0 is quite small compared to rated current of the transformer, the voltage drops due to this electric current then can be taken as negligible.

Since, voltmeter reading V can be considered equal to secondary induced voltage of the transformer. The input power during test is indicated by watt-meter reading. As the transformer is open circuited, there is no output hence the input power here consists of core losses in transformer and copper loss in transformer during no load condition. The no load current in the transformer is quite small compared to full load current so copper loss due to the small no load current can be neglected. Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to core losses in transformer. Therefore it is seen that the open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses in transformer and parameters of shunt branch of the equivalent circuit of transformer.

Calculation

Short-circuit Test A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in HV side of the transformer as shown in figure.

The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that HV side with the help of a variac of variable transformer The LV side of the transformer is short circuited. Now with help of variac applied voltage is slowly increase until the ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV side After reaching at rated current of HV side, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings) are recorded The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of full load current I L. As the voltage, applied for full load current in short circuit test on transformer, is quite small compared to rated primary voltage of the transformer, the core losses in transformer can be taken as negligible here.

Let’s, voltmeter reading is V SC. The input power during test is indicated by watt-meter reading. As the transformer is short circuited, there is no output hence the input power here consists of copper losses in transformer Since, the applied voltage V SC is short circuit voltage in the transformer and hence it is quite small compared to rated voltage so core loss due to the small applied voltage can be neglected. Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to copper losses in transformer. Therefore it is seen that the Short Circuit test on transformer is used to determine copper loss in transformer at full load and parameters of approximate equivalent circuit of transformer.

Calculation

Draw back of Open Circuit and Short Circuit In O.C. test, there is no load on the transformer while in S.C. circuit test only fractional load gets applied. In all O.C. and S.C. tests, the loading conditions are absent. Hence the results are inaccurate. In open and short circuit test iron losses and copper losses are determined separately but in actual use both losses occurs simultaneously. The temperature rise in the transformer is due to total loss that occurs simultaneously during actual use, it can’t be determined by O.C and S.C tests.

Sumpner or Back-to-Back Test Sumpner's test or back to back test on transformer is another method for determining transformer efficiency, voltage regulation and heating under loaded conditions.

The figure above shows that the connection diagram of back to back test on two similar transformers named T 1 and T 2. Both transformers are connected to supply such that one transformer is loaded on another. Primaries of the two identical transformers are connected in parallel across a supply. Secondary are connected in series such that emf's of them are opposite to each other. Another low voltage supply is connected in series with secondary to get the readings, as shown in the circuit diagram.

Working

Advantages of Sumpner’s Test Little much of power is required to conduct this test Under full load conditions transformers can be test using this test. Simultaneously full load copper losses and iron losses are measured The secondary current I 2 can be varied at any value of the current. Hence we can determine the copper losses at full load condition or at any load. The transformer temperature increase can be noted.

Only limitation is that two identical transformers are required. In practice exact identical transformers cannot be obtained and as two transformers are required, the test is not economical. Drawback of Sumpner’s Test

Efficiency of a transformer

Condition for Maximum Efficiency

All day efficiency The commercial Efficiency of a transformer is given by the ratio of output power to input power The losses in the transformer can be classified into copper losses and iron losses. The copper losses (hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses) are independent of the load. The iron losses though are dependent on the load. In the case of the distribution transformers, the load is continually varying. It is low in the day time and high in the evenings and night. Therefore, efficiency measured at any one point of the day would not be an accurate reflection of the transformer's capability.

Hence, We have the all day efficiency measurement of the distribution transformers. The formula for the all day efficiency of the distribution transformers is The All day Efficiency is always lesser than the commercial efficiency of the transformer.

Reference U.A. Bakshi B.L. Theraja