SEMINAR on ‘BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE’ Submitted by: JYOTI DOSAYA

CONTENTS 1.OVERVIEW 2.WHAT IS BCI? 3.MAJOR COMPONENTS OF BCI 4.TYPES OF BCI 5.WHY BCI.? 6.BCI APPLICATIONS 7.BCI DISCIPLINE 8.PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 9.ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 10.FUTURE WORK

OVERVIEW A direct technological interface between a brain and a computer Theoretical background About 100 billions of neurons Each has thousands of connections Brain is connected to sensors and actuators Body organs Brain     X2... F(∑Xi) i=1..n Neuron Y

WHAT IS BCI? BCIs read electrical signals or other manifestations of brain activity and translate them into a digital form that computers can understand, process, and convert into actions of some kind, such as moving a cursor or turning on a TV. BCI can help people with inabilities to control computers, wheelchairs, televisions, or other devices with brain activity.

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF BCI Ways of measuring neural signals from the human brain Methods and algorithms for decoding brain states/intentions from these signals Methodology and algorithms for mapping the decoded brain activity to intended behavior or action

TYPES OF BCIs Invasive techniques, which implant electrodes directly onto a patient’s brain Electrode implants Chip implants Noninvasive techniques, in which medical scanning devices or sensors mounted on caps or headbands read brain signals Output: EEG, MEG, fMRI

WHY BCI? BCI is a new neuroscience paradigm that might help us better understand how the human brain works BCI research allows us to develop a new class of bioengineering control devices and robots BCI hold promise for rehabilitation and improving performance BCI can expand possibilities for advanced human computer interfaces (HCIs)

HOW BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES WORK

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

WHAT IS AN EEG? An electroencephalogram is a measure of the brain's voltage fluctuations as detected from scalp electrodes. It is an approximation of the cumulative electrical activity of neurons. EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain with multiple electrodes placed on the scalp It is portable and relative inexpensive that is why most noninvasive BCIs are presently based on EEG.

PHYSICAL MECHANISMAS EEGs require electrodes attached to the scalp with sticky gel Require physical connection to the machine

Enabling disabled people o Vision and hearing o Paralysis treatment o Prosthetic devices (legs, hands etc) Psychotherapy o Diagnostics o Treatment Military and civil research o Making dangerous jobs BCI APPLICATIONS…

BCI APPLICATIONS CONT … o Provide a means of communication to completeley paralysed patients o Surgically implanted devices used as replacement for paralysed patients o Allow patients to control a computer by concious changes of brain activity o Allow those with poor muscle control to communicate and control physical devices

BCIs will help creating a Direct communication between a human or animal brain and computers. Techniques like EEG,MEG and neurochips have come into discussions since the BCI application have started developing This has provided a new work area for scientists and researchers around the world. Also it provides better living, more features, more advancement in technologies etc. ADVANTAGES

Have a very low data rate, typical a few bit per second or less High Precision (can be used reliably) Low bandwidth ADVANTAGES CONT…

In case of Invasive BCI there is a risk of formation use scar tissue There is a need of extensive training before user can use techniques like EEG BCI techniques still require much enhancement before they can be used by users as they are slow BCI techniques are costly. It requires a lot of money to set up the BCI environment. Requires extensive training (poor generalization) DISADVANTAGES

FUTURE WORK Improving physical methods for gathering EEGs Improving generalization Improving knowledge of how to interpret waves

Thanks For Your Time…. Any Questions.?