Unit

Overview Conflict and compromise of Europeans and Native Americans New Colonies Slavery

THE BRITISH ARE COMING! Sort of… 1497 England’s first contact with the New World John Cabot Why they came:  Sir Thomas More’s Utopia: mythical, perfect society like the Americas  Tudor England was rampant with war and religious turmoil  Enclosure Movement  Population growth  Mercantilism  Religion

English Reformation King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Queen Catherine (Spanish wife) Church of England Queen Mary “Bloody Mary” restored England’s Roman Catholic allegiance Puritans-sought to purify the Church of England from all Roman Catholic practices Pilgrims-Separatists, of Puritan origin but sought complete separation from the Church of England

Queen Elizabeth “Good Queen Bess” or “Virgin Queen” Reign known as “The Golden Age” Last Tudor monarch Half sister of Bloody Mary and Edward VI Sir Francis Drake and the Spanish Armada

Chesapeake Settlement

Jamestown 1607 Founded by Virginia Company of London Expedition led by Capt. John Smith Rocky beginnings Built in a swamp (malaria) Food shortages Conflicts with local Indians Founded with sole intent of making money Gold (not there) Greed of early settlers—”no work no eat policy” Nearly goes under Savior: tobacco

Early Tobacco John Rolfe — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco Tobacco is profitable — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

The Nature of Tobacco Requirements: Fertile soil (abundant) Large acreage plantations (abundant) Large labor supply (scarce) New population demographics Indentured servants “Headright” system Slave labor “Triangular trade” “Middle Passage”

Slavery in the New World Three Stages 1.Slave ships left Britain carrying goods to trade 2.African dealers kidnapped neighboring villages then sold them to captains. Middle Passage. 3.In the West Indies the slaves are sold to the highest bidder

French Beginnings 1524 Giovanni da Verrazanno sailed for France to replicate Cabot’s mission (find NW Passage) 1534 Jacques Cartier-3 expeditions to St. Lawrence River

The Lost Colony (Roanoke) Present day Outer Banks, NC Funded by Elizabeth I August 17, 1585 initial colonists sent were later picked up by Drake on his return voyage 1587 John White leaves 114 colonists, returns for supplies Virginia Dare (White’s granddaughter) first English born in the New World 1590 White returned and the settlement was vacant

New England Settlements Virginia Company of Plymouth granted right to colonize from Potomac R. to Maine 1607 first colony in Maine-too cold 1620 Separatist aka Pilgrims led by William Bradford Mayflower meant to land south of the Hudson R. storms took it to Cape Cod, MA

Leadership in the Colonies Chesapeake : colonies had governors with dictatorial powers (Lord de la Warr, Sir Thomas Gates, Sir Thomas Dale House of Burgesses-1619, representative assembly 1624 London Company’s charter revoked taking away assembly King James I revoked all political rights 15 years later King Charles I restored the powers New England: Mayflower Compact-gov’t based on the consent of the governed Eventually bought out investors to gain autonomy

The French Return 1608 Samuel de Champlain est. trading post in Quebec French and Indians had lucrative fur trading Few Frenchman came which led to good relations with Indians Exploration spread through Great Lakes and valleys of Mississippi and Ohio Rivers 1673 Jacques Marquette explored Mississippi Valley 1682 Sieur de la Salle followed MS R. to its mouth French settlements were mostly trading posts rather than towns

Native Americans in Chesapeake Chief Powhatan-fierce chief of the native confederacy Frustrated by English raids killed livestock to make food scarce for early settlers Pocahontas-kidnapped by Sir Thomas Dale, Powhatan refused ransom. She converted to Christianity and married Rolfe “Rebecca” 1622 Indian Uprising- Opechancanough attacked, 347 whites died

1644 final Powhatan uprising Virginia Company of London had gone under-no gold in Jamestown 1624 King James I revoked the charter and Jamestown remained under king’s control until 1776 Survival of Jamestown was dependent on agricultural techniques learned from the Natives

The arrival of Africans to North America 1619 Dutch brought 20 Africans to Virginia in the first step toward slavery Colonists considered them indentured servants Indentured servitude remained until 1670’s when whites becaem scarce and expensive

New Netherlands Holland sent Henry Hudson in 1609 Trade with Iroquois (beaver pelts most popular) 1624 Dutch Trading Posts est. on Manhattan Island and present-day Albany Patroon system “unstable pluralism”

Massachusetts Bay Company Joint-stock company charted in 1629 by Puritans (arrival 1630) King Charles I persecuted Puritans aggressively which eventually lead to a civil war John Winthrop-leader, believed they were the world’s model of Christian society General Court-representative assembly selected by “free men” “Complete Liberty to Stand Alone” Congregational Church m/watch?v=4ScZh2- QLOE

Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island Anne Hutchinson Antinomianism Challenged gender roles, religious beliefs and social order Followers migrated to NH and ME after her conviction NH est 1679 Maine remained a part of MA until 1820 Minister Thomas Hooker est. Hartford 1635 (CT) New Haven est Hartford and New Haven combined by royal charter to form Connecticut Minister Roger Williams (separatist) called for separation of state and church. Bought land from Narragansett and created Providence 1636 (RI)

The Pequot WarKing Philip’s War 1637 Pequot Indians and CT Valley settlers conflict English allied with Mohegan and Narragansett (rivals of Pequot) Captain John Mason set fire to Pequot stronghold killing hundreds Survivors were hunted and sold as slaves Puritan’s attempts at converting Natives Bible translated into Algonquian Villages created for converted Indians: 1,000+ by Wampanoag Chief “King Philip” aka Metacomet tried to kill all whites 2,000 settlers died before King Philip was killed

The Dominion of New England 1684 Massachusetts charter revoked King James II created a unified gov’t for all of New England, NY and NJ in an attempt to control the colonies- Dominion of New England Sir Edmond Andros (1686) head of Dominion 1688 England’s Glorious Revolution-King James II replaced by protestant daughter Mary and husband William. Andros was shipped back swiftly charter of MA (and now Plymouth) was restored as a royal colony

Salem Witch Trials 1692 several young girls claimed to be possessed and accused locals of witchcraft 150+ people were accused over several months Puritan Minister Cotton Mather intervened But not before 20 people were executed (19 hangings, 1 crushed)

Maryland The king wanted more control over the colonies and charters to joint-stock companies slowed Proprietors were issued charters instead- Maryland was first George Calvert, Lord Baltimore/Ceclius Refuge for English Catholics Act of Religious Toleration 1649

The Carolinas 1663 Charles II restored to the throne Gave charter to 8 noblemen for lands south of VA to north of Spanish Florida Named after king Grew slowly because of feudal society NC grew as overflow of VA 1670 SC settled by Barbados planters; founded Charles Town (Charleston) and brought African slaves

Pennsylvania and Delaware Refuge for Quakers 1681 William Penn sought charter from Charles II to pay debt owed to his father Penn advertised in Europe: generous land offers, representative assembly, and religious freedom Peaceful with Native Americans Delaware granted separate legislature by Penn

The 18 th Century Molasses Act of 1733 Mercantilistic policies-constant drain of wealth from America, created shortage of money for American goods Paper currency was introduced-British blocked America’s population and economy grew regardless Germans began migrating: “Pennsylvania Dutch” Scots-Irish settled beyond frontier in Appalachians

Four Wars 1.King William’s War : border raids by natives; Treaty of Ryswick 2.Queen Anne’s War : 12 years of fighting France & Spain; Treaty of Utrecht 3.King George’s War 1739: France & Spain again Louisbourg captured: all New-England army lead by W. Pepperrell captured French fortress; 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle exchanged fortress for land in India

Georgia Buffer colony Lead by General James Oglethorpe Est between Savannah and Altamaha Rivers Philanthropist trustees controlled colony with lots of rules For poorest of Great Britain