Lecture 4 Why Some Countries Developed While Others Stayed Poor The Age of Sustainable Development

4.1. Child with Malaria in Ruhiira, Uganda Photo courtesy of Kyu-young Lee.

4.2. Settlements with a population of 500,000 and larger Source: CIESIN–Columbia University, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the World Bank, and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical–CIAT “Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1): Settlement Points.” Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC).

4.3. Country’s Average Distance to Major Port Source: McCord, Gordon, and Jeffrey Sachs “Development, Structure, and Transformation: Some Evidence on Comparative Economic Growth.” NBER Working Paper No Washington, DC: National Bureau of Economic Research.

4.4. Global Coal Reserves Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration.

4.5. World Map, Country Size Proportional to Oil Reserves Source: Environmental Action.

4.6. Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel “World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classifi-cation Updated.” Meteorol. Z. 15(3): 259–263. doi: / /2006/0130.

4.7. Global Stability of Malaria Transmission Source: Kiszewski, Anthony, Andrew Mellinger, Andrew Spielman, Pia Malaney, Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, and Jeffrey Sachs “A Global Index Representing the Stability of Malaria Transmission.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70(5): 486–498.

4.8: Global Map of Children per Women (Fertility Rate) 2011 Source: World Bank “World Development Indicators.”

4.9. Japan’s Population Pyramid (1950, 2015, 2055) Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (DESA Population Division) “World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.” New York.

4.10a. PISA Education Rankings in Science (2012)

4.10b. PISA Education Rankings in Reading (2012)

4.10c. PISA Education Rankings in Math (2012) Source: Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development PISA 2012 Results: What Students Know and Can Do— Student Performance in Mathematics, Reading and Science (1). PISA: OECD Publishing. en.

4.11. Female Members of Rwanda’s Parliament with President Paul Kagame Source: Parliament of Rwanda.

4.12. Global Perceptions of Corruption (Transparency International 2013) Source: Transparency International “Corruption Perceptions Index 2013.”

4.13. Public Social Expenditure as Share of GDP Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development “Government Social Spending.” PISA: OECD Publishing.

4.14. Social Expenditures vs. Child Poverty Source: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre “A League Table of Child Poverty in Rich Nations.” Innocenti Report Card No. 1, June Florence: Italy.

4.15. Tax Collection as Percent of GDP (OECD) Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development “Total Tax Revenue.” Taxation: Key Tables from OECD, No. 2. PISA: OECD Publishing.

4.16. Africa’s Railroads (today) & India’s Railroads (1947) Source: India’s railroads: Copyright © Compare Infobase Ltd. Africa’s Railroads: African Studies Center. “Africa’s Railroads.” Michigan State University.