McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Police in America Chapter Ten Innovations in Police Strategy

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Impetus for change  Local police departments were isolated and alienated from important segments of the community  Research had undermined the assumptions of traditional police management and police reform  Recognition of the fact that the police role is complex  Recognition of the importance of citizens as co- producers of police services

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Policing Innovations  Community Policing  Problem-Oriented Policing  Zero-Tolerance Policing

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of disorder Social –Public drinking –Street corner gangs –Street harassment –Street-level drug sale and use –Noisy neighbors –Commercial sex Physical –Vandalism –Dilapidation –Abandonment of buildings –Rubbish

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Community Policing: Targets of Reform  Community Partnerships  Organizational Change  Problem Solving

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Community Policing  Community Partnerships –Collaboration between police and community  Consultation –Citizens can express problems and needs –Police can educate about crime and disorder in community –Allows citizens to present complaints –Provides forum for police to inform the citizen about successes and failures  Mobilization –Neighborhoods –Civil and administrative law –Other municipal agencies

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Organizational Change  Organizational Structure  Organizational Culture  Management

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Community Policing: Problems & Prospects  Rhetoric or Reality  Rapid Expansion  Police Role  Decentralization  Accountability  Effectiveness

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Problem-oriented policing  Herman Goldstein argues that the police should take categories of disorder and break them down into discrete problems and then develop specific responses to each one.  In problem-oriented policing, the goal is not to build a strong positive relationship with the citizen. The goal is to reduce problems of concern to the public and the close community partnership is an element of that process.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Problem Solving Process  Scan –Identify problems –Review calls for service –Consult with residents  Analysis –Collect information as to scope, nature, and cause.  Response –Develop a strategy to address the problem –Use strategies that have an impact on the conditions that generate crime and disorder  Assessment –Evaluation of effectiveness of response

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Evaluating Problem Oriented Policing  Newport News  SMART in Oakland  Boston Gun Project  Jersey City, New Jersey

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Zero Tolerance Policing  Differs from Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing  Crime Attack Model  Focuses upon specific types of behavior in specific locations.  New York City  Positive vs. Negative Consequences