Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 TRADITION AND CHANGE IN EAST ASIA MING AND QING DYNASTY CHINA

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE MING DYNASTY ( ) Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r ) Han Chinese Dynasty – last ethnic Chinese Dynasty for a while Used traveling officials called Mandarins and large number of eunuchs to maintain control Large number of eunuchs Tributary relations with Korea, Japan l_china/ming.html l_china/ming.html 3

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. EMPEROR YONGLE (R ) experiments with sea expeditions ( ) India Ocean, East Africa Zheng He abandons large-scale maritime trade plans in 1433 In part to appease southern populations & Confucians Moves capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks Chinese army unable to prevent Mongol attacks 4

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. ZHENG HE 5

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. PET GIRAFFE FROM SOMALIA 6

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. MING CHINA,

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE GREAT WALL Origins before 4 th century BCE, ruins from Qin dynasty in 3 rd century BCE Rebuilt under Ming rule, 15 th -16 th centuries 1,550 miles, feet high Guard towers Room for housing soldiers Increased status of soldiers 8

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA 9

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. ERADICATING THE MONGOL PAST Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Mongol names, dress Support study of Confucian classics History, I Ching, Book of Songs Civil service examinations renewed 10

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. PAINTING 13

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. EUROPE AND MING expansion of European trade restricted to islands near Guangzhou like Macao – Columbian Exchange of crops, plants, and animals: chili peppers to Sichuan cuisine, corn, and potatoes, which diminished famines and spurred population growth. Growth of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch trade for Chinese products and produced a massive influx of Japanese and American silver. traditional Confucians opposed such a prominent role for commerce and the newly rich it created 14

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. MING DECLINE 16 th century maritime pirates harm coastal trade Navy, government unable to respond effectively Slowdown in agriculture due to Little Ice Age was met with Japanese and Spanish policies that quickly cut off the supply of silver now necessary for farmers to be able to pay their taxes. Crop failure, floods, and epidemic, the dynasty was considered to have lost the Mandate of Heaven collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng and a Manchurian invasion. Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace compound in Beijing Hedonists Emperor Wanli (r ) abandons imperial activity to eunuchs 15

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. MING COLLAPSE Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17 th century Rebels take Beijing in 1644 Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake city Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty Mandate of Heaven html html 16

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE QING EMPIRE,

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE QING DYNASTY ( ) Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great Wall Chieftan Nurhaci (r ) unifies tribes into state, develops laws, military Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia, China War with Ming loyalists to 1680 Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming corruption Manchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu language by Chinese, force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty 18

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. EMPEROR KANGXI (R ) Confucian scholar, poet Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet, central Asia Grandson Emperor Qianlong (r ) expands territory Height of Qing dynasty Great prosperity, tax collection cancelled on several occasions 19

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The “Son of Heaven” Ming, Qing Emperors considered quasi-divine Hundreds of concubines, thousands of eunuch servants Clothing designs, name characters forbidden to rest of population The kowtow: three bows, nine head-knocks 20

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE SCHOLAR-BUREAUCRATS Ran government on a day-to-day basis Graduates from intense civil service examinations Open only to men Curriculum: Confucian classics, calligraphy, poetry, essay writing Also: history, literature 21

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS District, provincial, and metropolitan levels Only 300 allowed to pass at highest level Multiple attempts common Students expected to bring bedding, chamber pots for three- day uninterrupted examinations Students searched for printed materials before entering private cells 22

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. EXAMINATION SYSTEM AND SOCIETY Ferocious competition Qing dynasty: 1 million degree holders compete for 20,000 government positions Remainder turn to teaching, tutoring positions Some corruption, cheating Advantage for wealthy classes: hiring private tutors, etc. But open to all, tremendous opportunity for social mobility 23

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE PATRIARCHAL FAMILY Filial piety understood as duty of child to parent; individual to emperor Eldest son favored Clan-based authority groups augment government services 24

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. GENDER RELATIONS Males receive preferential status Economic factor: girls join husband’s family Infanticide common Widows strongly encouraged not to remarry Chaste widows honored with ceremonial arches Men control divorce Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much 25

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. FOOTBINDING CONTINUES Review: Origins in Song dynasty ( CE) Perceived aesthetic value Statement of social status and/or expectations Commoners might bind feet of especially pretty girls to enhance marriage prospects 26

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. PALACE FOODS 180 courses over up to 3 days! Appearance & flavor Manchu-Han blend 30

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. FOOD EXAMPLES "Eight Mountain Delicacies”: camel's hump, bear's paws, monkey's brains, ape's lips, leopard fetuses, rhinoceros tails and deer tendons. Snowy Palm - bear claw with sturgeon Golden Eyes and Burning Brain - bean curd simmered in chicken, duck and cuckoo brains Monkey King and Shark - goat brain Live monkey brain Egg tart The "Eight Land Delicacies”: precious fowls and mushrooms "Eight Sea Delicacies” : dried sea cucumbers, shark's fin, bird's nest 31

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. POPULATION GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Only 11% of China arable Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary American food crops introduced in 17 th century Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts Rebellion and war reduce population in 17 th century Offset by increase due to American crops 32

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. FOREIGN TRADE Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquerware Chinese in turn import relatively little Spices, animal skins, woolen textiles Paid for exports with silver bullion from Americas Chinese merchants continue to be active in southeast Asia, esp. Manila Extensive dealings with Dutch VOC 34

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. GOVERNMENT AND TECHNOLOGY During Tang and Song dynasties (7 th -13 th centuries), China a world leader in technology Stagnates during Ming and Qing dynasties European cannons purchased, based on early Chinese invention of gunpowder Government suppressed technological advancement, fearing social instability would result Mass labor over productivity 35

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CLASSES IN CHINESE SOCIETY Privileged Classes Scholar-bureaucrats, gentry Distinctive clothing with ranks Immunity from some legal proceedings, taxes, labor service Working classes Peasants, artisans/workers, merchants Confucian doctrine gives greatest status to peasants Merchant activity not actively supported Lower classes Military, beggars, slaves 36

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. NEO-CONFUCIANISM Version of Confucian thought promoted by Zhu Xi ( CE) Confucian morality with Buddhist logic Education at various levels promoted Hanlin Academy, Beijing Provincial schools Compilation of massive Yongle Encyclopedia Development of popular novels as well 37

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA Nestorian, Roman Catholic Christians had presence in China Disappeared with plague and social chaos of 14 thc Jesuits - Matteo Ricci ( ), attempt to convert Ming Emperor Wanli Mastered Chinese before first visit in 1601 Brought western mechanical technology Prisms, harpsichords, clocks 38

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CONFUCIANISM AND CHRISTIANITY Argued that Christianity was consistent with Confucianism Differences due to Neo-Confucian distortions Few converts in China Approx. 200,000 mid 18 th century, about 0.08 percent of population Christian absolutism difficult for Chinese to accept Franciscans and Dominicans convince Pope that Jesuits compromising Christianity with Chinese traditions (e.g. ancestor worship) Emperor Kangxi bans Christian preaching in China 39