OTS 501 OLD TESTAMENT INTRO AND LITEARTURE Dr. Esa Autero

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi 1.1 Introduction to Haggai Who was Haggai and when did he live? What is the basic setting and message of Haggai? Heard sermons on Haggai?

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi 1.2 Historical and Critical Issues Author, composition, date Haggai the prophet (1:1) Haggai as the recipient of the oracles Third person narrative – written down by a scribe/friend? Later editor wrote down the prophecies(?) Written by Haggai or his disciple very shortly after the oracles Dedication of the Temple (516BC; Ezra 6:15) not mentioned  Haggai ministered Aug-Dec. of 520BC Book of Haggai probably written shortly after

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi 1.3 Background, purpose, structure Historical background Return of the Exiles & edict of Cyrus (539BC) 2Chr36:23 Many did not want to return (cf. Jer 29:5-6) First returnees 539BC led by Sheshbazzar (Ezra 2:64; Neh 7:66) Foundation of Temple laid (Ezra 5:16) – project halted b/c of practical reasons 2nd group led by Zerubbabel & Joshua 522BC Inspired by Hag. & Zech. to rebuild the Temple (Ezra5:11-12) – finished 515BC On-going issues in postexilic community Land ownership issues (Jer 52:15-16; Ezek 11:3, 15) Tensions b/w newly arrived and those who remained (Neh 5:6-8) Opposition to building of Temple & walls (Ezra3:2-10, 12-13; 4:1-5; 5:3- 5; Hag 2:3; Zech 4:10) Focus on survival not Temple building (Hag 1:3-10) Haggai’s oracles during the reign of Darius I Rebellions in Persian empire (Hag 2:6-7; Zech 1:11-15; 2:7-9)  Hope of independence, restoration, fulfillment of promises

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Purpose of Haggai Haggai initiated the construction of the Temple Preoccupation with personal comfort Repentance and honor the LORD Structure Challenge to covenant renewal (1:1-15) The promise of restoration (2:1-9) Call to holiness (2:10-19) Zerubbabel – Davidic Servant and Signet Ring (2:20-23)

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi 1.4 Themes in Haggai Temple construction & divine retribution History of God’s dwelling places Tabernacle – moving around and Shiloh (Josh 18:1) Temple (1Kgs 6-8; 2 Sam 24:18-25; 1Chr21:18-30; 22:1-16) Temple as ‘lucky charm’ & destruction (Jer 7-10; Ezek 8-10; 2Kgs25:8-17) Haggai: “rebuild the Temple” Foundations laid but work discontinued (1:2) Divine retribution due to neglect of Temple (1:3-6; Deut 28:38-40) “Former” and “latter” glory of the Temple (2:8-9) Need for consecration of worship (2:10-14) BUT blessing due to divine grace (2:15-23)

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi 2.1 Introduction to Zechariah When did you read through Zechariah last time? Any difficulties understanding it? Peculiar or obscure features of Zechariah? Sermons from Zechariah?

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi 2.2 Historical and Critical Issues Author, composition, date Zechariah, son of Berechiah, son of Iddo (1:1; cf. Ezra 5:16; 6:14) Unified work by Zechariah Critical theories – two/three sections 1-8 and 9-14 [12-14] Major arguments for multiple authorship/composition 1-8 history, people, and concerns of restoration community E.g. Zerubbabel, Joshua, Zechariah (6:10-11; 7:2) 9-14 apocalyptic visions reflecting later times (9:5, 13; 10:11; 11:3-14) E.g. Greece (9:13); Maccabean period & Onias III (11:3-14; cf. 2Macc 4:1) No personal names (contra 1-8) Differences in vocabulary, syntax, style b/w sections

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Response & some other suggestions for the differences Sections arranged according to themes Immediate-distant; vision-oracle; dated-w/o date Style & vocabulary changes due to literary genre (prose-poetry) Statistical analyses not wholly reliable Lapse of time b/w writing of sections Change in social setting – from optimism (1-8) to longing (9-14) No need to pose Maccabean/Alexander G’s time (cf. Ezek 27:13; Joel 3:6) Common themes b/w the sections Importance of Jerusalem (1:12-16; 2:1-13; 9:8-10; 12:1-13; 14:1-21) Cleansing of the community (3:1-9; 5:1-11; 10:9; 12:10; 13:1-2; 14:20-21) Gentiles in the kingdom (2:11; 8:20-23; 9:7, 10; 14:16-19) Former prophets (1:4; 7:4-10; 9:1-8; 11:1-3; 14:1-4) Restoration of paradisiac conditions (8:12; 14:8) Re-gathering of the exiles (2:6; 8:7; 10:9-10) Outpouring of the Spirit (4:6; 12:10) Messiah (3:8; 4:6; 9:9-10)

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Date of Zechariah Oracles delivered b/w Oct/Nov 520BC and Dec 518BC Time of writing Depends of the compositional theories 1-8 written b/f Temple’s dedication in 515BC (cf. Ezra 6:13-22) 9-14 written ? --- attributed dates from c. 4th to 2nd century BC Would it have been incorporated into Canon of minor prophets?  Unified work – final compilation b/w 500 and 470BC

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi 2.3 Background, purpose, structure Historical background Persian king Darius I ruling Persia (c. 521-486BC) Difficulties in postexilic community Zechariah prophesied just two months after Haggai Zechariah’s last dated message in 518BC Purpose Comfort, strengthen, rebuke postexilic community Not to follow evil ways of the ancestors (1:3-5) Do good (7:8-12; 8:14-17) Rekindle postexilic community’s hope and messianic expectations (4:6; 6:9-15; 8:13)

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Structure of Zechariah Prelude: Call to repentance (1:1-6) The night visions of Zechariah (1:7-6:15) God’s horsemen (1:7-17) Four horns and four smiths (1:18-21) Measuring Jerusalem/A wall of fire (2:1-13) High priest and Satan (3:1-10) Lampstand and olive trees (4:1-14) The flying scroll (5:1-4) Woman in a basket (5:5-11) Four chariots of judgment (6:1-8) The crowning of the Branch (6:9-15) Zechariah’s messages (7:1-8:23) Justice and mercy vs. fasting (7:1-13) Restoration of Zion (8:1-23) Two Oracles (9-14) Messiah’s rule (9); redemption of Israel (10); Messiah’s rejection (11) Israel cleansed (12:1-13:6); Shepherd & sheep (13:7-9); Zech’s Apocalypse (14)

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi 2.4 Themes in Zechariah Visions of Zechariah – mercy, judgment, restoration Chiastic structure of the visions Visions 1&8 – fate of gentiles Horsemen: Judgment of gentiles & blessing of Jerusalem (1:1-17) 4 Chariots & horses: God’s control of the nations (6:1-8) Visions 2&3 and 6&7 – sin, judgment, restoration Horns & smiths – oppressive nations smashed (1:18-21) Wall of fire - Restoration & protection of Israel (2:1-13) Flying scroll – judgment for breaking 8th & 9th comm. (5:1-4) Women/basket – Israel’s sin removed & Babylon judged (5:5-11)

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Visions 4&5 – cultic and civil leadership restored Joshua/Satan – removal of sin from postexilic community and restoration of leadership w/ Messianic overtones (3:1-21) Lampstand & olive trees – completion of the Temple and God’s faithfulness to the restoration of community (4:1-14) Future messianic hope (9-14) Salvation and judgment – Day of the LORD and Messiah Return from Exile completed w/ final Exodus Salvation & judgment of the nations/Israel (9:9-10, 16; 12:1-19; 14:1-5; 12:10-13:9; 14:6-15) LORD as Shepherd and His coming to Jerusalem Messianic King (11:4-17)

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi 3.1 Introduction to Malachi Most commonly cited passages of Malachi? Message of Malachi Sermons from Malachi (apart from Mal 3:9-10)

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi 3.2 Historical and Critical Issues Author, date, composition Malachi wrote down the oracles (1:1) Critical scholarship Malachi means “my messenger”/”my angel” – not a proper name Mal 3:1 “I will send my messenger…” Malachi as a whole an anonymous oracles Similarity to Zech 9:1 and 12:1 “An oracle. The Word of the LORD…” Three independent oracles (Zech 9-11; Zech 12-14; Mal 1-4) were originally attached to Zech 1-8 Later Zech 9-11 and 12-14 attached to Zech 1-8 and Mal 1-4 independent book due to “my messenger” formula in 3:1 and 1:1.

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Easier to see Malachi as a proper name Oracles written by Malachi or his scribe/disciple Possible appendices (4:4-6) Connections to the book itself though (3:1) Malachi written during postexilic time Written down b/w 500BC-450BC Malachi preceded Ezra and Nehemiah

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi 3.3 Background, structure, purpose Historical background 2nd Temple rebuilt but time of blessing not realized Unfulfilled expectations of Zerubbabel as the King (Hag 2:20-23) Partial material prosperity (Hag 2:6-9) Only some returned from captivity (Zech 8:1-8) Pre-Ezra decline of the postexilic community Mixed marriages (Mal 2:11-15; Neh 13:23-27) Failure to tithe (Mal 3:8-10; Neh 13:15-22) Breaking of the Sabbath (Mal 2:8-9; 4:4; Neh 13:15-22) Corruption of priesthood (Mal 1:6-2:9; Neh 13:7-9) Socio-economic injustice (Mal 3:5; 1:16; 2:16; Neh 5:1-13)

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Structure of Malachi Six disputation speeches Superscription (1:1) God does not love Israel (1:2-1:5) Love demonstrated by destruction of Edom Priests show contempt to God (1:6-2:9) Defiled offerings to the father/master who deserves honor Israel breaks the covenant (2:10-16) Unfaithfulness to God & people – God is the father/creator God accused of injustice (2:17-3:5) God ignores evil – God will purify His people on the “day” Israel must repent and change (3:6-12) God does not change – Israel must repent and bring tithes Israel’s harsh words against the LORD (3:3-4:3) Israel says it is futile to serve the LORD – differences b/w righteous and wicked on the “day”

Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Purpose of Malachi Call back to covenant relationship w/ YHWH 3.4 Themes in Malachi Covenant(s) of YHWH w/ His people Three covenants in Malachi Covenant of Levi (2:8) Covenant of the fathers/ancestors (2:10) Covenant of marriage (2:14) The messenger of the covenant (3:1) God’s covenant faithfulness (3:6; cf. 3:5) Covenant blessings and curses (2:1-9; 3:8-12) Promise of future restoration due YHWH’s mercy (4:1-5) Expectation of blessing and hope for the future

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