LC212 Textual Studies text is a “thing woven” Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Paul Grice The Co-operative principle “Make your conversational contribution such as required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.” Think of ways in which you could violate the co- operative principle. Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Paul Grice Conversational maxims Quality (telling the truth) Quantity (saying no more or less than necessary) Relation (being relevant) Manner (being as clear as possible) Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Question for LC212: These rules (Grice’s Maxims) are for conversations. What importance do they have for written and monological texts? Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Examples for ostensive breech of maxims in written language Quality: all uses of irony and sarcasm e.g. Jonathan Swift in "A Modest Proposal" when he suggests '-the eating of babies as a solution to overpopulation and starvation. Metaphors and idioms “No man is an island”, “you are the cream in my coffee”; “he kicked the bucket”) Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Examples for ostensive breech of maxims in written language Quantity Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Examples for ostensive breech of maxims in written language Relevance: Sudden change of topic, i.e. no engagement with/clear disengagement from a topic (see Grice, p. 32) Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Examples for ostensive breech of maxims in written language Manner Creating – consciously – ambiguities the reader has to disambiguate; also deliberate obscurity (e.g. in poetry); Reference: “In my opinion, you will be very fortunate to get this person to work for you.”; “Picasso enjoyed painting his models nude.”(structural ambiguity) Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Text and Textuality What is a text? 6 definitions Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Text and Textuality Definition 1 We can define text in the simplest way perhaps by saying that it is language which is functional. By functional, we simply mean language that is doing some job in some context as opposed to isolated words or sentences that I might put on the blackboard. (Halliday and Hasan, 1989, 10) Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Text and Textuality Definition 2 A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit, like a clause or a sentence; and it is not defined by size … a text is not something that is like a sentence only bigger … A text does not consist of sentences; it is realized by, or encoded in, sentences. (Halliday and Hasan 1976, Chap. 1) Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Text and Textuality Definition 3 … texts can be seen as the result of motivated choice: producers of texts have their own communicative aims and select lexical items and grammatical arrangements to serve those aims. (Hatim and Mason, 1990, 4) Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Text and Textuality Definition 4 The words of a language often reflect not so much the reality of the world, but the interests of people who speak it. (Baker, 1992, 18) Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Text and Textuality Definition 5 All texts encode representations of the world (Stubbs, 1996, 194) Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Text and Textuality Definition 6 The term ‘text’ refers to any instance of language, in any medium, that makes sense to someone who knows the language. (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004, 3) Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Literature Text definitions Baker, M. (1992) In Other Words, London/New York: Routledge. Halliday, M.A.K and Hasan, R. (1976) Cohesion in English, Harlow: Longman. Halliday, M.A.K and Hasan, R. (1989) Language, Context and Text, Oxford: OUP. Halliday, M.A.K. and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Arnold. Language Theory Paul Grice (1989) Studies in the Ways of Words, Cambridge MASS and London: Harvard University Press (esp. Chapter 2: Logic and Conversation, p ). First published 1974 in Syntax and Semantics. dresden.de/die_tu_dresden/fakultaeten/philosophische_fakultaet/iph/thph/braeuer/lehre/grice_s s_2009/LogicAndConversation.pdf Karl Bühler (1928): “The Origin of Language.” In: Psychological Bulletin 25: Text Linguistics De Beaugrande, R. and Dressler, W. (1981) Introduction to Text Linguistics, London: Longman. Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Text Typology The core of the expressive function is the mind of the speaker, the writer, the originator of the utterance. He uses the utterance to express his feelings irrespective of any response. Serious imaginative literature, authoritative statements, autobiography, essays and personal correspondence are typical expressive text-types. Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Text Typology The core of the informative function of language is external situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside the language, included reported ideas or theories. Informative texts are concerned with any topic of knowledge and often have standard formats: a textbook, a technical report, a scientific paper or agenda of a meeting. They principally convey information. Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Text Typology The core of the vocative function of language is the readership, the addressee. The readership is called upon to act, think or feel, or in a word, to react in the way intended by the text. Notices, publicity, propaganda, persuasive writing, and advertisements are typical vocative texts. Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Cohesion is achieved through reference to the same bit of information throughout the text. The cohesive devices used are repetition reference (pronouns) substitution (paraphrase, synonym) lexical relations (super-, subordinates) conjunction ellipsis (leaving out one of the above) Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Example: Recipe Apple Pudding First you peel and chop the fruit. Then sprinkle it with sugar and toss with the raisins. Bake the mixture for one hour. You may serve the pudding with vanilla ice cream. [36 words] Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Example: Recipe Apple Pudding First you peel and chop the fruit. Then sprinkle it with sugar and toss with the raisins. Bake the mixture for one hour. You may serve the pudding with vanilla ice cream. Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Example: Recipe Apple 1 Pudding 5 First 2 you 3 peel and chop the fruit 1. Then 2 3 {sprinkle it 1 with sugar and 3 toss 1 with the raisins} 4. Bake the mixture 4 for one hour. You 3 may serve the pudding 5 with vanilla ice cream. Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Example: Recipe Apple 1 Pudding 5 First 2 you 3 peel and chop the fruit 1[lexical relation]. Then 2[conjunction] 3[ellipsis] {sprinkle it 1[reference] with sugar and 3[ellipsis] toss 1[ellipsis] with the raisins} 4. Bake the mixture 4[substitution] for one hour. You 3[repetition] may serve the pudding 5[repetition] with vanilla ice cream. Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Dr Heinz Lechleiter

LC212 Textual Studies Dr Heinz Lechleiter