By the end of this session I should be able to: (e) distinguish between the terms conservation and preservation (HSW6a, 6b); (This was covered at the end of the last session!!) (f) explain how the management of an ecosystem can provide resources in a sustainable way, with reference to timber production in a temperate country; (g) explain that conservation is a dynamic process involving management and reclamation; (h) discuss the economic, social and ethical reasons for conservation of biological resources (HSW6b, 7c); (i) outline, with examples, the effects of human activities on the animal and plant populations in the Galapagos Islands (HSW6b).

Discussion pairs (2 minutes  4 marks) Distinguish between the terms preservation and conservation with an explain example.

Reasons for conservation EthicalEconomicSocial

Reason Outline term Why is it important? Examples of In-situ & Ex-situ Social Ethical Economic

Pollarding

Key term and linking to sustainability Key TermDefinitionEffect on sustainability Sustainablen/a Coppicing Coppicing with standards Rotational coppicing Pollarding

Conservation & management of heathland

g) explain that conservation is a dynamic process involving management and reclamation; While watching the clip answer the following questions: 1.Why is it essential to manage heathland? (2 marks) 2.List the techniques used when managing the heathland (3 marks) 3.For each of the techniques outline how it aids the conservation of the heathland (3 marks) Answer the questions on the back of this sheet

The Galapagos Islands

Many of the organisms of the Galapagos are...

Human Impact While this unforgiving and uncontrollable force of nature has had a destructive impact on the Galapagos, many of the environmental issues facing the Galapagos originate from a potentially controllable source  human beings. The presence of people in the Islands has two sources: 1.migration from the mainland 2.and tourism.

Migration The Galapagos population has increased over 300% in the past few decades. The 1990 census marks the population at 9,735. Today, more than 25,000 people live on the Islands. The population is doubling every eleven years, which means that there will be 40,000 people on the Galapagos Islands by Aside from the pressure put on the natural resources, most of the garbage is dumped in an open air site and burned with no sort of treatment or separation.

Tourism For decades, tourists have marvelled at the rich flora and fauna of the Galapagos. Despite the high prices, the stream of visitors has never broke off. In the sixties, there have been about 1,000 tourists per year, whereas there have been approximately 80,000 visitors in A second airport was built and the construction of a third one is under discussion.

Over-fishing Recently, overfishing or illegal fishing has become a large issue. When migrants do not find work in tourism, they often find jobs in the fishing industry. The sea cucumber and sharks of the Galapagos have become alarming targets, both popular in Asian markets for their aphrodisiac or medicinal qualities. SO WHAT DO WE DO?? National Park service banned all fishing of sea cucumbers in the Galapagos. Fishermen were not filled with enthusiasm. Angry fishermen besieged the Charles Darwin Station and demanded the right to use greater nets and longer lines. The seizure ended with an agreement signed between César Narváez (Ecuador's Minister of the Environment), and the artisenal fishermen. The conflict, however, is far from over.

Introduced Species After all, humans did not arrive alone to the Islands. Since the times of the first inhabitants, non-native species have been introduced to the Galapagos Islands, often with drastic consequences. Many of the species introduced like rats, dogs, cats, and goats, are not rare or deadly in themselves, but when placed on fragile Islands where life took years to adapt, have caused dramatic effects.

Examples Four goats were introduced to the Santiago Islands in the early 1800's, went rampant and one estimate calculated that their population had grown to nearly 100,000. Due to their constitution and ability to feed on nearly any plant, goats alone may be responsible for the local extinction of up to 4 or 5 species of vegetation and also they compete with the Galapagos tortoise for their food source.

Examples continued.. A newly introduced wasp species has been sited on the Islands, and may be responsible for a declining number of caterpillar larvae, a food source for finches.

Lonesome George in the Galapagos