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Nationalism

Key Vocabulary Nationalism: the belief that peoples greatest loyalty should not be to a king or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. Most people who believed in nationalism were either liberals or radicals- often the liberal middle class- who led the struggle for constitutional government and the formation of nation-states. Nation-state: Nation: the people State: the land Nation state: people + land When a nation has it own independent government, it becomes a nation-state. It is responsible for defending the nations territory and way of life (culture) and represents the nation to the rest of the world. In 1815 there are only 3 nation-states in Europe: France, England, Spain

Key Vocabulary Conservative: usually wealthy property owners and nobility, they argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe. Liberal: mostly middle class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners would vote. Radical: favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution- liberty, equality, and brotherhood. Modern Connection: Though we still use these terms in the modern world, how has their meaning changed?

Revolutions in Europe The Balkans: a region controlled by the Ottoman Empire that included present day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia. The Greeks had kept alive the memory of their history and were inspired by the nationalist movement in Europe to rebel against the Ottoman Turks in With the help of other European nations Greece gained their independence in 1830.

1830s Uprisings Throughout the 1830s a number of other nations (people with a shared culture) tried to revolt but none were successful. However, this did serve to shake up the stability of Europe and they would all eventually rise up again. Groups: The Belgians ruled by the Dutch The Italians, unite against the control of the Catholic Church and Austria The Polish ruled by the Russians

Austria 1848, a mob clashes with police in Vienna, Prince Metternich is forced to resign and liberal uprising breakout across the vast Austrian Empire as well as some of the other regions controlled by Austria that had been part of the Holy Roman Empire. Though they two are not successful it is yet another sign that Europe is moving towards democracy and nationalism. Groups: The Hungarians The Czech People

France Finally Wins Freedom Roughly 50 years after the French Revolution, the French people would once again rise up with the goal to create a democratic government and they do it, well sorta… In the 1830s after the reign of Napoleon, France had once again been restored to a monarchy due to the Congress of Vienna. For a time they French people were satisfied with King Louis-Philippe who had supported liberal reform for 18 years as the ruler of France. However, in 1848 he fell out of favor and a Paris mob once again overthrew the monarchy.

France Finally Wins Freedom After a brief period of blood shed, the French people finally drew up a constitution that allowed them to elect a president. In December 1848, the nephew of Napoleon, Louis-Napoleon won the election. The French people loved him just had his uncle and 4 years later instead of holding another election he took the title of Emperor Napoleon III. He was a good ruler, he built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and promoted public works programs. France finally had a ruler under which they experienced prosperity.

Russia: Stuck in the Past By the 1800s Russia still had yet to begin the road towards industrialization. In fact they were still operating under a feudal system. By the 1820s, many Russians believed that serfdom (feudalism) needed to come to an end believing that it was morally wrong. It was also preventing Russia from taking their place on the modern stage and advancing economically. However, the czars were reluctant to free the serfs for fear of angering the noble landowners whose support they needed to stay in power.

Russia: Stuck in the Past In 1853, Russia will be forced into the future. Czar Nicholas I will declare war on the Ottoman Empire (Crimean War) and he will quickly learn that Russia does not have the industries nor the transportation abilities to win. Quite simply, they are using 1700s military tactics while the enemy is using modern tactics. When Nicholas’ son, Alexander II takes the throne he decides it is imperative that Russia moves joins the modern world or risk loosing their place as a European power. He does this by: Setting the serfs free in 1861 Taking land from the nobles and giving it to the peasants

Russia: Stuck in the Past Unfortunately, Alexander II is assassinated in 1881 and his successor Alexander III will once again tighten Czarist control over the country though he will encourage Russia to take part in the Industrial Revolution and support nationalist ideas.

On the Brink of Modernity During this period in history, Europe is finally moving towards what we refer to as the Modern era. Basically, a way of life that we recognize and can identify with.