Chapter 1 Introduction to Marine Science

Bellringer: Scientific Method 1. What is the scientific method? 2. List the 5 basic steps of the scientific method.

Scientific Process The scientific method The scientific method The formal, organized steps that scientists follow when proposing and testing a problemThe formal, organized steps that scientists follow when proposing and testing a problem 5 basic steps5 basic steps Identify the problem or question Identify the problem or question Make a hypothesis Make a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Test the hypothesis Interpret and analyze the results Interpret and analyze the results Report the results, procedures and conclusions. Report the results, procedures and conclusions.

Scientific Process Inductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Propose a process that explains the facts you observePropose a process that explains the facts you observe Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Propose what you would observe should a known process take placePropose what you would observe should a known process take place Theory Theory Scientific explanation with observable evidence to support itScientific explanation with observable evidence to support it

Chapter 2 The History of Oceanography

4 Main Stages Ancient uses and explorations (5000 B.C.-800 A.D.) Ancient uses and explorations (5000 B.C.-800 A.D.) The Middle Ages (800 A.D.-1400) The Middle Ages (800 A.D.-1400) European Voyages of Discovery ( ) European Voyages of Discovery ( ) The birth and growth of modern marine science ( ) The birth and growth of modern marine science ( )

Ancient Uses and Explorations Why did early civilization interact with the ocean? Why did early civilization interact with the ocean? To search for foodTo search for food Trade with other culturesTrade with other cultures Discover new landsDiscover new lands 3200 B.C.-Earliest recorded sea voyage 3200 B.C.-Earliest recorded sea voyage Egyptians traveled from Phoenicia to EgyptEgyptians traveled from Phoenicia to Egypt

Ancient Navigation Piloting-mark course using visible landmarks Piloting-mark course using visible landmarks Sun, constellations and cloud formation when not in sight of land Sun, constellations and cloud formation when not in sight of land Birds and smells Birds and smells

Ancient Greek Exploration The first primary civilization to apply mathematics to navigation. The first primary civilization to apply mathematics to navigation. Produced sophisticated maps Produced sophisticated maps Recognized the world was spherical Recognized the world was spherical

Important Greeks Pytheas Pytheas Discovered how to determining north and south position by using the angle of the North Star and the horizon.Discovered how to determining north and south position by using the angle of the North Star and the horizon. Discovered the connection between the lunar cycle and the tides in the AtlanticDiscovered the connection between the lunar cycle and the tides in the Atlantic

Important Greeks Eratosthenes Eratosthenes Calculated the Earth’s circumferenceCalculated the Earth’s circumference Invented the latitude/longitude systemInvented the latitude/longitude system Irregular because of alterations Irregular because of alterations

Important Greeks Herodotus Herodotus Published a map that was one of the earliest maps of the world known by the GreeksPublished a map that was one of the earliest maps of the world known by the Greeks Ptolemy Ptolemy Published a map depicting the Earth as a spherePublished a map depicting the Earth as a sphere Improved upon Hipparchus’ latitude/longitude systemImproved upon Hipparchus’ latitude/longitude system Divided the grid into degrees, minutes and arc seconds Divided the grid into degrees, minutes and arc seconds

Herodotus’ Map of the World

Latitude/Longitude System Purpose Purpose Identify specific locations on the EarthIdentify specific locations on the Earth Latitude Latitude Run east to westRun east to west Called parallelsCalled parallels Equator is a parallel and is 0˚Equator is a parallel and is 0˚ The parallels at the poles are 90˚The parallels at the poles are 90˚

Longitude Run north and south Run north and south Called meridians Called meridians The converge at the north and south poles The converge at the north and south poles The Prime Meridian The Prime Meridian 0˚longitude0˚longitude Runs through Greenwich EnglandRuns through Greenwich England

Latitude/Longitude Grid

The Middle Ages (800 A.D.-1400) European Middle Ages European Middle Ages Decline of the Roman EmpireDecline of the Roman Empire Little ocean exploration except for the VikingsLittle ocean exploration except for the Vikings Viking Explorations Viking Explorations 9 th century: North Atlantic Ice freed9 th century: North Atlantic Ice freed Allowed exploration westwardAllowed exploration westward Discovered Iceland and GreenlandDiscovered Iceland and Greenland

The Middle Ages (800 A.D.-1400) Chinese Explorations Chinese Explorations Invented the compass around 1000 A.D.Invented the compass around 1000 A.D. 1400s- ships built with central rudders and water tight compartments1400s- ships built with central rudders and water tight compartments

European Voyages ( ) The End of the Middle Ages The End of the Middle Ages 1400s- new interest in discovery and education1400s- new interest in discovery and education Economics, politics and religion became primary motives for long ocean voyages.Economics, politics and religion became primary motives for long ocean voyages. Route around Africa to India was soughtRoute around Africa to India was sought West coast of Africa was mapped by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal West coast of Africa was mapped by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

Exploration of the New World Magellan set sail to circumnavigate the world Magellan set sail to circumnavigate the world Started with 5 ships, 1 returned in 1522Started with 5 ships, 1 returned in 1522 Never made it home, died in the Philippines.Never made it home, died in the Philippines. Francis Drake completed the second circumnavigation of the world. Francis Drake completed the second circumnavigation of the world.

Birth of Marine Science ( ) James Cook James Cook Led the first sea expedition devoted to the study of oceanography in 1768.Led the first sea expedition devoted to the study of oceanography in Invented the chronometer in 1735Invented the chronometer in 1735 Was ordered to try and find Antarctica, but never didWas ordered to try and find Antarctica, but never did Tried to find a northwest passage connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans above North AmericaTried to find a northwest passage connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans above North America

U.S. Exploring Expeditions Congress sent out 5 ships to explore the southern oceans Congress sent out 5 ships to explore the southern oceans Proved Antarctica existed Proved Antarctica existed 19 volumes of maps, texts and illustrations documented discoveries 19 volumes of maps, texts and illustrations documented discoveries

Matthew Maury Father of physical oceanography Father of physical oceanography An authority on ocean exploration and science An authority on ocean exploration and science published The Physical Geography of the Sea published The Physical Geography of the Sea First textbook on modern physical oceanographyFirst textbook on modern physical oceanography

Darwin and the H.M.S. Beagle 5 year voyage 5 year voyage Observations led himObservations led him To conclude that coral reefs form by growing upward as the sea floor sinks To conclude that coral reefs form by growing upward as the sea floor sinks To formulate his theories of natural selection and evolution To formulate his theories of natural selection and evolution

The Challenger Expedition Launched in 1872 Launched in 1872 First voyage launched solely for marine science First voyage launched solely for marine science 4 year mission 4 year mission Report took over 23 years to complete and filled 50 volumesReport took over 23 years to complete and filled 50 volumes Discovered the Marianas Trench and Mid-Atlantic Ridge Discovered the Marianas Trench and Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The Challenger Expedition First soundings over 4000 meters deep First soundings over 4000 meters deep Captured biological specimens from midwater and bottom using tows Captured biological specimens from midwater and bottom using tows Discovered marine organisms in the deepest parts of the ocean Discovered marine organisms in the deepest parts of the ocean Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new species Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new species

20 th Century Marine Science Industrial revolution occurred Industrial revolution occurred Steam engines and iron ships revolutionize ocean transportation Steam engines and iron ships revolutionize ocean transportation Three expeditions Three expeditions

The Meteor Expedition Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in just over 2 years Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in just over 2 years Established patterns of circulation in Atlantic Established patterns of circulation in Atlantic Created the first detailed ocean floor map using echo-soundings Created the first detailed ocean floor map using echo-soundings

U.S.S. Atlantis First ship specifically designed and built for ocean studies First ship specifically designed and built for ocean studies Continued to add to the studies of the Meteor Continued to add to the studies of the Meteor

The Challenger II Expedition Located the deepest known spot in the ocean within the Marianas Trench Located the deepest known spot in the ocean within the Marianas Trench Spot was named the Challenger Deep Spot was named the Challenger Deep 10,838 m deep (35,558ft)10,838 m deep (35,558ft)

Exploring the Deep Submersibles- Allow for direct observations of undersea life Submersibles- Allow for direct observations of undersea life Bathyspheres-Simple sealed spheres suspended by a cable, no longer used. Bathyspheres-Simple sealed spheres suspended by a cable, no longer used. Bathyscaphe-Free moving vessel Bathyscaphe-Free moving vessel Trieste: Only vessel to ever visit the bottom of the Challenger DeepTrieste: Only vessel to ever visit the bottom of the Challenger Deep

Scuba First system was developed by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan in 1943 First system was developed by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan in 1943 Cheaper and less complex than submersibles Cheaper and less complex than submersibles Limited in depth and duration Limited in depth and duration

Other Vehicles Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs) Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs) Small, unmanned submarinesSmall, unmanned submarines Propellers, video camerasPropellers, video cameras Tethered to the boat by cableTethered to the boat by cable Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) Untethered robotic deviceUntethered robotic device Propelled by self-contained power systemsPropelled by self-contained power systems

Other Technology LORAN (Long Range Navigation) LORAN (Long Range Navigation) Also called Loran-CAlso called Loran-C Used land based radio transmitters along the coastsUsed land based radio transmitters along the coasts Not very accurateNot very accurate GPS (Global Positioning System) GPS (Global Positioning System) Replaced the Loran in the 1990sReplaced the Loran in the 1990s Works everywhere, all the time!Works everywhere, all the time!

Assignment Use pages 2-3 -> 2-18 to answer the following: Use pages 2-3 -> 2-18 to answer the following: P. 2-3 #2P. 2-3 #2 P. 2-4 #1,2,5-7, 9-11P. 2-4 #1,2,5-7, 9-11