WORD BUILDING/ FORMATION Rīga Secondary School No.33 WORD BUILDING/ FORMATION English Language Teacher Jūlija Oblakova Rīga 2014

A word may be: Simple (work, sun, good, short, etc.) Compound (workroom, sunflower, good-looking, etc.) Derived (worker, sunny, homeless, goodness, etc.)

Derived words are formed by: Suffixes (e.g. –er, -or, -ism, etc.) Prefixes (e.g. un-, im-, mis-, etc.)

Noun-forming suffixes -er, -or (worker, sailor) -ism (realism, naturalism) -ist (realist, naturalist) -ing (building, beginning, singing) -ion, -ation (dictation, profession) -ness (kindness, darkness, illness) -ment (development, movement) -ship (friendship, partnership) -hood (childhood, brotherhood) -ty, -ity (liberty, activity, cruelty) -y, -ie (daddy, birdie, auntie) -th (strenght, growth, lenght)

Adjective-forming Suffixes -ful -less -ous -y -ish -able -ly -en -ive -ic -al -an, -ian (peaceful, beautiful) (hopeless, careless) (continuous, numerous) (sunny, rainy, windy) (childish, foolish, English) (comfortable, admirable) (friendly, daily, weekly) (golden, wooden, woollen) (negative, active, passive) (heroic, dramatic, comic) (cultural, political) (African, Roman, Latvian)

Verb-forming Suffixes -en -ize, -ise -ate -fy (shorten, darken, widen) (advertise, recognize) (educate, separate) (electrify, qualify, simplify)

Adverb-forming Suffixes -ly -ward(s) (quickly, easily, coldly) (backward(s), upward(s))

Prefixes Un- Im- In- Mis- Dis- Re- Ex- Umemployment Impossible, improve Indirect, inhuman Misunderstand, mistrust Dishonest, disappear Return, reform, rewrite Express, exclaim, extract