Biochemistry Cells are made of atoms / molecules. Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of molecules like glucose and ATP. Synthesis “builds” and digestion “breaks”. Molecules enter or leave cells based upon size. Proteins called enzymes catalyze chemical reactions for cells under specific conditions.

A molecule of Glucose contains which three elements? Glucose C6H12O6 Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)

4 crucial organic molecules

Carbohydrates (sugars & starches) Lipids (or fats) Proteins Nucleic Acids ENERGY! Store energy & membranes Cell parts & ENZYMES! Genetic information

Synthesis makes polymers (bigger chains). Digestion makes smaller molecules.

Digestion is needed so larger molecules can pass through cell membranes!

ENZYMES

ENZYMES

ENZYMES

ENZYMES

ENZYMES

ENZYMES

ENZYMES OPTIMUM OPTIMUM

Actual chloroplast micrograph Chloroplasts “catch” light energy, and store it in the chemical bonds of sugars. Light Actual chloroplast micrograph Oxygen Photosynthesis Glucose Carbon Dioxide + Water Where are chloroplasts found?

Mitochondria are organelles that release the energy stored in glucose. Actual mitochondrion micrograph Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen Respiration ATP Where are mitochondria found?

Selectively permeable Small enough to pass membrane Too big for membrane, small enough to pass through channel protein Too big, so this may need to be digested first!

The diagram below shows how food is processed in an organism. The word metabolism means 1) Chemical reactions 3)Eating 2) Excretion 4)Reproduction

Which set of terms best identifies the letters in the diagram below?

The diagram below shows how food is processed in an organism. The word metabolism means 1) Chemical reactions 3)Eating 2) Excretion 4)Reproduction

The diagram below represents the synthesis of a portion of a complex molecule in an organism. (Reactants) Which row in the chart could be used to identify the reactants and product in the diagram?

Which statement concerning proteins is not correct? Proteins are long, usually folded, molecules. (2) The shape of a protein molecule determines its function. (3) Proteins are used by cells for many reasons, such as making enzymes. (4) Proteins are bonded together, resulting in simple sugars.

Which group contains only molecules that are each assembled from smaller organic compounds? proteins, water, DNA, fats (2) proteins, starch, carbon dioxide, water (3) proteins, DNA, fats, starch (4) proteins, carbon dioxide, DNA, starch

What is this? How many atoms are in this molecule? How many different atoms are in this molecule?

According to the chemical reaction equation below, water (H2O) and Carbon dioxide (CO2)can be synthesized into Glucose (C6H12O6)and Oxygen (O2). This chemical reaction can only occur because of the (1) Water (3) Oxygen (2) Enzymes (4) Photosynthesis

Which molecule above is a carbohydrate? The chemical change (reaction) shown below occurs in yeast cells as they break down glucose to make energy. Which molecule above is a carbohydrate? Glucose--C6H12O6 A simple carbohydrate

Which words best complete the lettered blanks in the two sentences below? Organic compounds, such as proteins and starches, are too A to fit into cells. Proteins are digested into B and starches are digested into C . A—large, B—simple sugars, C—amino acids (2) A—small, B—simple sugars, C—amino acids (3) A—large, B—amino acids, C—simple sugars (4) A—small, B—amino acids, C—simple sugars

A doctor takes a blood sample from a patient and measures the pH of the blood to be 7.2 This indicates that the patient has blood which is A weak acid Slightly basic Neutral A strong alkaline

The effect of pH on a certain enzyme is shown in the graph below. At what pH is the rate of enzyme action optimal? acidic (3) neutral (2) basic (4) below normal

Plants such as Venus flytraps produce chemical compounds that digest insects into substances that are usable by the plant. The insect’s starches most likely break down to (1) fats (2) minerals (3) sugars (4) complex carbohydrates

Plants such as Venus flytraps produce chemical compounds that digest insects into substances that are usable by the plant. The insect’s starches most likely break down to The chemical compounds that perform the digestion reaction are known as (1) litmus (3) pH (2) fats (4) enzymes

Carbohydrates, such as sugars, contain energy that cells use for their metabolic activities. Where is this energy stored? In the Carbon atoms In the complex carbohydrate In the chemical bonds In the synthesis

Which molecule would most likely react with this enzyme? WHY?

An incomplete graph is shown below. The letter Z on the horizontal axis could be replaced by (1) Time (min) (3) pH (2) a dependent variable (4) catalyst

(2) glucose (4) lipid (fats) A sample of food containing one type of a large molecule was treated with a specific digestive enzyme. Tests show the products of the enzyme catalyzed reaction are simple sugars, only. Based on these test results, the original large molecules contained in the food sample were molecules of (1) protein (3) starch (2) glucose (4) lipid (fats)

The diagram below represents events involved as energy is ultimately released from food. Which row in the table best represents the chain of Xs and letters A and B in the diagram?