Emotions

Agenda 1. Bell Ringer: How can motivation be tied to emotion? (5) 2. Intro to Emotion, various theories (15) 3. How to tell if someone is lying… (15) - 2 truths and lie test 4. The Face: Video, analysis (30) 5. Facial Experiment, guess that emotion. (5)

Emotion Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar.

Emotion  To experience emotion, one must… 1. be physically aroused 2. have expressive behaviors 3. be cognitive (conscious of experience)

Expressed Emotion Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice.

Izard isolated 10 emotions. Most of them are present in infancy, except for contempt, Shame, and guilt.

People generally divide emotions into two dimensions.

Theories of Emotion  James-Lange  Cannon-Bard  Schacter-Singer  Opponent-Process  Cognitive Apprais al

James-Lange  Emotions happen as a result of physiological events.

James-Lange EventArousal Interpretation / Emotion

James-Lange Fear

James-Lange

Cannon-Bard (Thalamic Theory)  We feel the emotions and physiological changes at the same time.

Cannon-Bard Event Arousal Interpretation / Emotion

Cannon-Bard Fear

Cannon-Bard

Schachter & Singer  (Two-factor theory)  Infer emotion from arousal and then label it (cognitive).

Two-Factor Theory Event Arousal ReasoningEmotion

Fear I am trembling

Two-Factor Theory

Cognitive Appraisal Theory  Our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in. –Primary appraisal: figuring out the consequences of decision –Secondary appraisal: figuring out the consequences of decision and your current emotions

Opponent-Process Theory  When we experience an emotion, an opposing emotion will counter the first emotion, lessening the experience of the emotion. –Ex. When skydiving the first time you are scared at first. But the next time you do it you only remember how fun and exhilarating it was. The fear is forgotten.

Agenda Day 2 Emotion  1. What are the five theories regarding emotion? (10)  2. Types of Emotion, Notes (15)  3. Fear exercise, what defines fear vs being scared? (10) –Baby clip  4. Anger, how to deal with it. (10)  5. Cartoon Experiment (15)  6. Summarizing Emotion (10)

Fear Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and preoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be adaptive – it makes us run away from danger, it brings us closer as groups, and it protects us from injury and harm.

Fear is centered in the amygdala.  When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, MRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala.

Learning Fear We learn fear in two ways, either through conditioning and/or through observation.

The Biology of Fear Some fears are easier to learn than others. The amygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear with certain situations.

Causes of Anger 1.People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable. 2.People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

Catharsis Hypothesis Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.”

Cultural & Gender Differences 1. Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends. 2. Anger breeds prejudice. 3. The expression of anger is more encouraged in cultures that do not promote group behavior than in cultures that do promote group behavior.

Happiness People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives.

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon When we feel happy we are more willing to help others.