The Overview of A&P

Anatomy The study of the body parts and their relationship to each other. The study of the body parts and their relationship to each other. –Types of anatomy: Gross anatomy- Large scale, visible, tangible. Gross anatomy can be broken up into regional, systemic, and surface anatomy. Gross anatomy- Large scale, visible, tangible. Gross anatomy can be broken up into regional, systemic, and surface anatomy.

Anatomy continued Microscopic anatomy involves the use of the microscope due to the fact that the structures being studied are too small to see with the naked (unaided) eye. Microscopic anatomy involves the use of the microscope due to the fact that the structures being studied are too small to see with the naked (unaided) eye. Developmental anatomy deals with structural changes in an organism during it ’ s lifespan. Developmental anatomy deals with structural changes in an organism during it ’ s lifespan.

Physiology Physiology explains the functions of the body. Physiology explains how the body works. Physiology explains the functions of the body. Physiology explains how the body works. Most subdivisions of physiology involve focusing on a specific organ or body system. For example cardiovascular physiology involves explaining how the heart and blood vessels work. Most subdivisions of physiology involve focusing on a specific organ or body system. For example cardiovascular physiology involves explaining how the heart and blood vessels work.

Complimentarity of Structure and Function Anatomy and physiology can be taught as two different subjects. However structure always reflects function. Anatomy and physiology can be taught as two different subjects. However structure always reflects function. The way structure reflects function is what is meant by complimentarity of structure and function. The way structure reflects function is what is meant by complimentarity of structure and function.

Levels of Structural Organization Level one: Chemical level- comprised of atoms that form molecules. These basic components are like LEGO blocks that build together to create more complicated structure. Level one: Chemical level- comprised of atoms that form molecules. These basic components are like LEGO blocks that build together to create more complicated structure.

Proteins, amino acids, and even water are all a part of the construction of larger structures such as organelles. These organelles form together to build the simplest living units. Proteins, amino acids, and even water are all a part of the construction of larger structures such as organelles. These organelles form together to build the simplest living units.

Level Two: Cellular level The simplest living units are called cells. For example: Erythrocytes, Osteocytes, and Neurons. The simplest living units are called cells. For example: Erythrocytes, Osteocytes, and Neurons.

Level Three: Tissue When many cells work together to perform a specific function, they are called tissue. When many cells work together to perform a specific function, they are called tissue. Examples would be muscle tissues, connective tissues, nerve tissues, and epithelial tissues. Examples would be muscle tissues, connective tissues, nerve tissues, and epithelial tissues.

Level Four: Organ When groups of tissues come together to perform a certain task, they form organs. When groups of tissues come together to perform a certain task, they form organs. Examples of Organs: Heart, Brain, Lungs. Examples of Organs: Heart, Brain, Lungs.

Level Five: Organ Systems Organs that work together to complete a task are collectively called organ systems. Organs that work together to complete a task are collectively called organ systems. Examples: Circulatory system, Nervous system. Examples: Circulatory system, Nervous system.

Level Six: Organisms When organ systems work interdependently, they form an organism. When organ systems work interdependently, they form an organism. Examples: You…me…the dog… Examples: You…me…the dog…

Maintaining Life Functions The body is highly organized, meaning the organ systems are each designed to a specific function. The body is highly organized, meaning the organ systems are each designed to a specific function.

List of Necessary Life Functions Maintaining Boundaries Maintaining Boundaries Movement Movement Responsiveness (irritability) Responsiveness (irritability) Digestion Digestion Metabolism (all chemical reactions in the body cells) Metabolism (all chemical reactions in the body cells) Excrection Excrection Reproduction Reproduction Growth Growth

Survival When we talk about the body, we talk about survival needs. The body must maintain certain levels of: When we talk about the body, we talk about survival needs. The body must maintain certain levels of: –Nutrients –Oxygen –Water –Body temperature –Atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis The body ’ s ability to maintain relatively internal conditions even though the outside world changes around them. The body ’ s ability to maintain relatively internal conditions even though the outside world changes around them.

Ways to maintain Homeostasis When the body senses a change in homeostasis, it creates a homeostatic imbalance. The body then tries to find a way to get back into homeostatic control. When the body senses a change in homeostasis, it creates a homeostatic imbalance. The body then tries to find a way to get back into homeostatic control.

Receptors and Effectors Receptors- sensors that detect a change in the body. That change is called a stimulus. Receptors- sensors that detect a change in the body. That change is called a stimulus. Effectors- Allows a response to be taken to the stimulus. Effectors- Allows a response to be taken to the stimulus.

Afferent and Efferent Pathways An afferent pathway is the path taken when input received from a receptor is sent to a control center. An afferent pathway is the path taken when input received from a receptor is sent to a control center. An efferent pathway is the pathway taken but information sent by the control center to an effector to correct the imbalance. An efferent pathway is the pathway taken but information sent by the control center to an effector to correct the imbalance. (Figure 1.4 pg 9) (Figure 1.4 pg 9)

Negative Feedback loops

Positive Feedback Loop

Anatomical Position In anatomy, we use certain terminology as guide words to help prevent misunderstandings between each other. In anatomy, we use certain terminology as guide words to help prevent misunderstandings between each other.

Superior (cranial) Toward the head or upper part of the body. Toward the head or upper part of the body.

Inferior (caudal) Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below. Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

Ventral (anterior) Toward the front of the body; in front of. Toward the front of the body; in front of.

Dorsal (Posterior) Toward or at the back of the body; behind Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of. Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.

Lateral Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate Between more medial and more lateral structures Between more medial and more lateral structures

Proximal Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Distal Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Superficial (external) Toward or at the body surface. Toward or at the body surface.

Deep (internal) Away from the body surface; more internal Away from the body surface; more internal

Body Region Terminology Axial Regions- Refers to the head neck and trunk. Axial Regions- Refers to the head neck and trunk. Appendicular region- refers to the body appendages and limbs. Appendicular region- refers to the body appendages and limbs.

Body Planes Three main types: Three main types: –Frontal –Sagittal (median) –Transverse

Frontal Divides the body into anterior and posterior regions Divides the body into anterior and posterior regions

Sagittal Region Divides the body into left and right sides Divides the body into left and right sides

Transverse Plane Divides the body into upper and lower halves. Divides the body into upper and lower halves.

Body Cavities There are many different cavities in the human body. A cavity simply means a hole. In A&P, that hole is often filled with the organ the cavity is named after. There are many different cavities in the human body. A cavity simply means a hole. In A&P, that hole is often filled with the organ the cavity is named after.

Body cavities Two Major body cavities: Two Major body cavities: –Dorsal- contains skull and spinal column. –Ventral- chest, abdomen and pelvic region.

Membranes Membranes act as covers to organs. Membranes, in most cases, are used for protection, or to reduce friction. Membranes act as covers to organs. Membranes, in most cases, are used for protection, or to reduce friction.

Other important body cavities Oral and digestive cavities Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities (joint cavities) Synovial cavities (joint cavities)

Serous Membrane A serous membrane is a double layered membrane that provides a low friction environment for organs in those cavities. A serous membrane is a double layered membrane that provides a low friction environment for organs in those cavities. –Parietal serosa- the part of the membrane that covers a cavity. –Visceral serosa- the part of the membrane that covers the organ.

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants RUQ= Right upper quadrant RUQ= Right upper quadrant LUQ= Left upper quadrant LUQ= Left upper quadrant RLQ= Right lower quadrant RLQ= Right lower quadrant LLQ= Left lower quadrant LLQ= Left lower quadrant

Abdominal Regions