Memory Unit 8 Lesson 1

Objectives Analyze information processing theory in depth. Analyze information processing theory in depth. Explain the three processes involved in memory formation. Explain the three processes involved in memory formation. Differentiate between the three memory storage systems. Differentiate between the three memory storage systems. Identify the types of memories we store. Identify the types of memories we store.

Warm Up How are learning and How are learning and memory related? memory related? Learning – Learning – Change in behavior that results from experience Change in behavior that results from experience Memory – Memory – Process by which we retain and recall something learned or experienced Process by which we retain and recall something learned or experienced

FYI!!! Biology of Memory Every time we learn something we change our brain structure! Every time we learn something we change our brain structure! Neurons & synapses adapt & become more responsive Neurons & synapses adapt & become more responsive

Biology of Memory Memories stored in pieces all over cerebral cortex Memories stored in pieces all over cerebral cortex Walter Penfield (1930s)

Biology of Memory Hippocampus Hippocampus New memory formation New memory formation Amygdala Amygdala Emotion to memory Emotion to memory Frontal Lobes / Cortex Frontal Lobes / Cortex Encoding and retrieval Encoding and retrieval Cerebellum Cerebellum “Muscle” memory “Muscle” memory

Information Processing Model Input: All sensory information Input: All sensory information Central Processing: Processing info into memory Central Processing: Processing info into memory Encoding – initial perception and transformation of information Encoding – initial perception and transformation of information Storage – retention of encoded information over time Storage – retention of encoded information over time Retrieval – bringing memory out of storage for use Retrieval – bringing memory out of storage for use Output: Ideas and actions that result from processing Output: Ideas and actions that result from processing

Model of Info-Processing Information Information Any element that reduces uncertainty Any element that reduces uncertainty Senses Senses electrical impulses perceived as sight, sound, touch, taste, smell! electrical impulses perceived as sight, sound, touch, taste, smell!

Sensory Register Sensory Memory Sensory Memory Lasts ½ second to 3 seconds Transduction of sensory information Iconic Memory- visual trace Echoic Memory- auditory trace

GZEPGZEPRKODRKODBTXFBTXFGZEPGZEPRKODRKODBTXFBTXF

What were those letters?

GZEPGZEPRKODRKODBTXFBTXFGZEPGZEPRKODRKODBTXFBTXF

Model of Info-Processing Selective Attention Selective Attention Orient senses from lots of available info to particular source Orient senses from lots of available info to particular source Feature Extraction Feature Extraction Tells us what it is Tells us what it is

Short Term Memory aka aka Working Memory Working Memory Where conscious processing takes place Limited capacity 7 (+/- 2) Typically ~30 seconds… recall minutes

What was that number?

Probably repeated over and over – rehearsal Probably repeated over and over – rehearsal Or broke it down into parts – chunking Or broke it down into parts – chunking * Both help to increase capacity in STM! * Both help to increase capacity in STM!

What was that #?

HO TB UT TE RE DP OP CO RN IN AB OW L

Long Term Memory Store it or lose it… Store it or lose it… Encode Info Encode Info Survival Value Survival Value Emotion Emotion Understanding Understanding Relevance Relevance Occurs during sleep! Occurs during sleep!

Model of Info-Processing Encoding Example Encoding Example Draw a penny…face, words, etc…

Long Term Memory LTM LTM Relatively permanent storage area Relatively permanent storage area Doesn’t mean we can always retrieve it! Doesn’t mean we can always retrieve it! Practically unlimited Practically unlimited ( 100 trillion bits of info! ) ( 100 trillion bits of info! ) Influences what we pay attn to in the environment! Influences what we pay attn to in the environment!

Memory Capacity Two major types LTM Two major types LTM Implicit vs Explicit Memory Implicit vs Explicit Memory Implicit – info unconsciously enters memory Implicit – info unconsciously enters memory Explicit – conscious, intentional remembering Explicit – conscious, intentional remembering Procedural vs Declarative Procedural vs Declarative Procedural – recall of how to do things (actions/skills) Procedural – recall of how to do things (actions/skills) Declarative – recall of factual information Declarative – recall of factual information Semantic – general factual knowledge Semantic – general factual knowledge Episodic – personal events or situations Episodic – personal events or situations

Which type of memory?

Memory Info is useless if we can’t get to it… Info is useless if we can’t get to it… RETRIEVAL RETRIEVAL Focus of next lesson! Focus of next lesson!

Activity Redesign Info-Processing Model Using Metaphor You Choose! Information Processing is Like… Fishing, Sporting Event, Club, Cooking, American Idol, House, Mall, etc.