Chapter 34

Introduction How Rome Grew Expansion spread for 500 years: 509 B.C.E.- 14 C.E. Height: most of Europe, North Africa, Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor Slow growth, numerous wars Rome as a republic ends in 14 C.E.

Four Periods of Roman Expansion 1st 509-264 B.C.E. Rome becomes a republic Protect borders, gain land 2nd 264- 146 B.C.E. Punic Wars against Carthage Gained new territory/land 3rd 145-44 B.C.E. Controlled the entire Mediterranean area Civil wars tore republic apart 4th 43 B.C.E.- 14 C.E. Start of the empire Gained more land/territory

BREAK! ( Think, Pair, Share ) Put your pencil down and think for 30 seconds about the following question: What period of expansion do you think will be the most important to Roman expansion? Why? When told to do so, pair up with the person next to you and share your answers. ( 30 seconds each) When done, write your answer on the white board and raise in the air until Miss Bennett says you can move on

Rome: First Period of Expansion 200 years of constant warfare Rome conquers Italian Peninsula 509- 264 B.C.E 509 B.C.E ---last Etruscan king overthrown 493 B.C.E --- Signed treaty with Latin neighbors Joined together as allies against enemies Roman soldiers in phalanx formation

Rome: First Period of Expansion ( cont.) Next 100 years: war against Etruscans and various tribes 390 B.C.E.– Gauls attacked Burned most of Rome down Romans rebuilt city, army By 275 B.C.E. Rome had conquered Italian Peninsula Results of expansion Two centuries of war Large, permanent army Romans forced to serve ( mostly plebeians) Some defeated cities could become Roman citizens All Roman allies= pay Roman taxes and supply Roman army 264 B.C.E. Rome had more citizens and trained soldiers than anywhere in Mediterranean

EXIT TICKET On a separate piece of paper, please write your name and answer the following question in complete sentences: How did the Romans conquer the Italian peninsula? Describe the process.  When you are finished, turn your slip in the basket and go back to your seat.

Rome: Second Period of Expansion 264 B.C.E- 146 B.C.E. Punic Wars: wars fought between Rome and Carthage First Punic War 264 B.C.E. Mostly at sea (trade) Romans copied Carthage ships Romans won in 241 B.C.E. Second Punic War 218 B.C.E. Hannibal marched into Italy 202 B.C.E. Hannibal returned to Carthage, lost in battle Carthage gave Spain, money to Rome Illustration of Hannibal’s army crossing the Alps

Rome: Second Period of Expansion (cont.) 50 years of peace Senator Cato changed this Third Punic War 146 B.C.E. Romans burned Carthage Results of the Punic Wars Rome controlled North Africa, Spain, Macedonia, and Greece Huge loss of life Farms neglected Greek ideas began to once again spread into Rome Map of Roman Expansion

BREAK! ( Think, Pair, Share ) Put your pencil down and think for 30 seconds about the following question: How did the Punic Wars affect the Roman empire? Describe both the positive and negative affects. When told to do so, pair up with the person next to you and share your answers. ( 30 seconds each) When done, write your answer on the white board and raise in the air until Miss Bennett says you can move on

Rome: Third Period of Expansion 145 B.C.E. – 44 B.C.E. Final years of the Republic 91 B.C.E. Roman allies rebel All free Italians become Roman citizens Slave revolts Spartacus led revolt in 73 B.C.E. Romans killed Spartacus, hung thousands of rebels on crosses Lack of jobs for farmers and laborers Roman armies producing famous leaders 80s B.C.E. Civil war killed 200,000 Romans 40s B..C.E. Civil war broke out between Pompey and Julius Caesar (Roman generals) Look at map on page 331 Pompey had control of Eastern lands, Caesar conquered Gaul 49 B.C.E. Pompey was in Rome Senate forbade Caesar from crossing the Rubicon with his army

Rome: Third Period of Expansion (cont.) January 11th, 49 B.C.E Caesar disobeyed Senate and crossed the Rubicon River After three years of fighting, Caesar defeated Pompey Senate named Caesar dictator for life Rome as a Republic was done Caesar as a dictator Many reforms Free gladiator contests New calendar ( still used today) New colonies, granted citizenship March 15, 44 B.C.E. Caesar was stabbed to death as he entered Senate

Rome: Fourth Period of Expansion 44 B.C.E. – 14 C.E. Series of civil war after Caesar’s death ( 10 years) Octavian emerged as absolute ruler of Rome Octavian defeated Marc Antony and Queen Cleopatra 31 B.C.E. Chased them to Egypt where they committed suicide Emerged as sole ruler of Mediterranean region Octavian said he was restoring the Senate (still had complete control) Senate renamed him Augustus Known as first Roman emperor Augustus encouraged art, literature, education Repaired buildings Police, firefighters, library Ruled over 50 million people Improved trade routes Single system of currency

Rome: Fourth Period of Expansion (cont.) Results of Roman expansion Established private army: Praetorian Guard (meant to protect emperor) New laws to protect morals Mediterranean world at peace for 200 years: Pax Romana Emperors continued to expand and add to Roman territory Statue of Augustus, “Augustus of Prima Porta”

Review Rome grew from a Republic to an empire in the years 509 B.C.E.- 14 C.E. Four main periods of expansion 509 B.C.E.- 264 B.C.E. ( Italian Peninsula) 264 B.C.E. – 146 B.C.E. ( Punic Wars ) 145 B.C.E. – 44 B.C.E. ( Final Years of Republic) 44 B.C.E.- 14 C.E. ( Rome as an Empire) Roman empire lasted over 500 years