Chapter 21: Civil Liberties: Equal Justice Under Law

Section 1: Diversity and Discrimination African Americans Native Americans Hispanic Americans Asian Americans  Slavery  Civil Rights gains   Disease killed populations  Driven from lands  Forced relocation to reservations  Mexican Americans in Southwest  Puerto Ricans in Northeast  Cuban Americans in South Florida  Resentment of Chinese worker— violence  Chinese Exclusion Act  Japanese relocation camps during WWII

Freedom of Speech: To be turned in for a grade. You will be graded on completion, grammar and writing skills, and accuracy of content. You will not be graded on your opinion…it’s your opinion! You’re expected to write in complete sentences. You need to answer each “prompt.” 1.Does discrimination still exist in America? Why or why not? 2.Which group in America is the most discriminated against? Why? African Americans Native Americans Hispanic Americans Asian Americans White Americans White Men Women in general Non-citizens 3. Provide an example of how this group is discriminated against. 4.How can your generation encourage tolerance and/or stop discrimination from happening? 5.What is something you, specifically, can do in the name of equality?

Section 2: Equality Before the Law Equal Protection Clause 14 th amendment—no State shall deny to any person the equal protection of the laws Reasonable Classification Government may classify (aka discriminate); but not unreasonably In order to regulate human behavior Criminals

Rational Basis Test Classification must be reasonably related to achieving proper government purpose Michael M v. Superior Court, 1981 (CA case)—adult male that has “relations” with girl under 18 can be charged with statutory rape; girl cannot be charged, even if she was a willing partner Strict Scrutiny Test In equal protection cases involving fundamental rights (vote, travel, 1 st amendment) or suspect classifications (based on race, gender, nationality), a “compelling government interest” must justify class distinctions Orr v. Orr, 1979—alimony case in AL; unconstitutional for women only to be eligible for alimony; served no government purpose to distinguish b/n men and women in this instance

Separate-but-Equal Doctrine Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896—segregation does not violate equal protection if the separate facilities are equal Brown v. Board of Education, 1954—struck down “separate but equal;” unanimous decision that segregation in schools was invalid; led to integration (Topeka, Kansas) De Jure, De Facto Segregation De jure: segregation authorized by law De facto: segregation that exists in fact, even if no law requires it Housing patterns

Section 3: Federal Civil Rights Laws You will need a textbook for this section…open up to Chapter 21, Section 3 Create a timeline in your notes. Be sure to include detailed information regarding the following dates: (Include any SCOTUS cases and their details that apply) Freedom of Speech: To be turned in for a grade. You will be graded on completion, grammar and writing skills, and accuracy of content. You will not be graded on your opinion…it’s your opinion! You’re expected to write in complete sentences. You need to answer each “prompt.” 1.Define affirmative action 2.Who benefits the most from affirmative action? 3.Provide an example of how someone benefits from affirmative action. 4.Who suffers the most because of affirmative action? 5.Provide an example of how someone suffers from affirmative action 6.Do you agree with affirmative action? Why?

Section 4: American Citizenship I. Citizenship A. By Birth 1. Jus soli—the law of the soil (place of birth) 2. Jus sanguinis—the law of the blood (parents citizens?) B. By naturalization 1. Individual (only Congress has power to provide for naturalization) Goes through court 2. Collective (by acquiring new territory)

II. Immigration A. Regulation 1. By Congress only 2. Encouraged when workers needed 3. Exclusion based on personal traits B. Quotas 1. Number limits based on country of origin 2. Favored Northern and Western Europe 3. Immigration Act of 1965—limit not based on country

C. Present Policies 1. Immigration Act of 1990 increased quota 2. Preference to family members 3. Preference to aliens with needed skills D. Undocumented Aliens 1. Enter illegally (or legally and overstay) 2. Often hired at substandard pay 3. Strain public services 4. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986—amnesty; crime to hire illegals 5. Illegal Immigration Restrictions Act of 1996—deportation easier; public services restricted

Freedom of Speech: To be turned in for a grade. You will be graded on completion, grammar and writing skills, and accuracy of content. You will not be graded on your opinion…it’s your opinion! You’re expected to write in complete sentences. You need to answer each “prompt.” 1. Where are your ancestors from? (Miss Smith’s ancestry: all of my dad’s family is Dutch, from the Netherlands. My mom’s mom (maternal grandmother’s) family is from France. My mom’s dad (maternal grandfather’s) family we don’t know much about…but European, perhaps Scandinavian) 2.What are your feelings regarding immigration? Are you pro-immigration or are you in favor of “stricter borders”? Why? 3.Do you agree or disagree with the law that makes it a crime to hire illegal immigrants? Why? 4.Donald Trump is infamous for his idea of “building a wall” at the Mexico border. Do you agree with the idea? Why? (just an FYI, Mexico has strict boarders with Guatemala to stop illegal immigration)