Novel Sampling Techniques for Measurement of Turbine Engine Total Particulate Matter Emissions Office of Research and Development National Risk Management Research Laboratory February 21, 2014 John Kinsey, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Research Triangle Park, NC Progress Report for ESTCP Programmatic Review

Background Sampling of aircraft turbine exhaust particulate matter (PM) in an engine test cell is currently limited to non- volatile particles only. The goal of this research is to determine whether one or more artificial dilution methods sampling the exhaust at the engine exit can produce an aerosol whose characteristics adequately mimics that found at 30 m in the downstream plume. If successful, the use of this (these) method(s) could allow the determination of the total (volatile + non-volatile) PM from aircraft turbines in a test cell rather than by expensive on-wing testing. 1

Phase 1 Program Objectives 2 Evaluate two dilution methods (dilution chamber and condensation dilution probe) that promote condensation of volatile particulate matter (PM) for a continuous sample taken at the engine exit Compare PM characteristics for condensation devices to those observed by downstream plume sampling (~ 30:1 dilution ratio) Compare PM characteristics for three fuel types used in a T-63 turbo-shaft engine at idle and cruise power: – Base JP-8 – High Sulfur JP-8 – High Aromatic JP-8

Project Participants U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL): E. Corporan Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL): M-D Cheng Aerodyne Research, Inc.: R. Miake-Lye EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory: J. Kinsey 3

EPA Measurements Continuous emission monitoring of gaseous SO 2, CO 2, and total hydrocarbons (THC) as methane Organic/elemental carbon (OC/EC) content of PM using Sunset Model 3 Semi-Continuous Analyzer Time-integrated Teflon filter sampling conducted for total PM by gravimetric analysis and sulfate content by ion chromatography Black carbon (BC) in plume using EPA Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer (SuperMAAP) instrument

Overall System Layout 5 EPA Mobile Lab Aerodyne ORNL AFRL Downstream Probe Engine Exhaust Duct

EPA Sampling System Note that except for the exhaust plume, EPA gas samples were collected independent of the PM measurements

EPA Sample Distribution System

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9 Note: DC = Dilution Chamber; CDP = Condensation Dilution Probe

10 Note: DC = Dilution Chamber; CDP = Condensation Dilution Probe

11 Note: CDP x1 = ambient dilution; CDP x 2 = 2x ambient dilution; DC x 1 = ambient dilution; DC x 2 = 2x ambient dilution

12 Note: CDP x1 = ambient dilution; CDP x 2 = 2x ambient dilution; DC x 1 = ambient dilution; DC x 2 = 2x ambient dilution

EPA Project Status Field testing at Wright-Patterson AFB completed in late September Partial data analysis completed for organic and elemental carbon, black carbon in plume, and gas phase pollutants Filter analysis for total mass and particle-phase sulfate to be completed in near future Additional QA/QC being performed on the experimental data