TEMUJIN (GENGHIS KHAN) Born around A.D. 1160 United Mongol tribes for the first time Elected ruler of the Mongol tribes in A.D. 1206

GENGHIS KHAN Temujin became known as “Genghis Khan”: Strong Ruler Mongols began conquest of Asia Karakoram: Genghis Khan’s capital

GENGHIS KHAN Mongol army fought mainly on horseback Tumen: Unit of the Mongol army (10,000 warriors) Mongols excelled at siege warfare Mongols conquered northern China and central Asia

GENGHIS KHAN Genghis Khan died in A.D. 1227 while hunting wild boars After burying him, the grave-diggers were all executed Ogedei, son of Genghis Khan, became new Mongol leader

MONGOL EMPIRE Mongols conquered Persia and most of the Middle East Captured Arab capital of Baghdad in A.D. 1258

MONGOL EMPIRE Mongols invaded Russia and Eastern Europe Largest land Empire in World History

MONGOL EMPIRE Mongols stopped attacking Europe when Ogedei Khan died in A.D. 1241 Mongols advance in the Middle East stopped by the Mamluks in A.D. 1260

MONGOL EMPIRE

BREAKUP OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE

BREAKUP OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE Genghis Khan’s grandsons divided the empire into four units around A.D. 1260 Khanates: Divisions of the Mongol Empire 1. Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia) 2. Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia) 3. Ilkhanate (Persia & Middle East) 4. Great Khanate (China & Mongolia)

KHANATE OF THE GOLDEN HORDE First ruler was Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan Ruled southern Russia and Ukraine Northwestern Russian rulers paid Mongols tribute Mongols ruled most of Russia until about A.D. 1500

CHAGATAI KHANATE Named after Genghis Khan’s son, Chagatai Ruled central Asia

ILKHANATE Founded by Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan Ruled Persia and surrounding territories By A.D. 1300, converted to Islam

TAMERLANE Also known as Timur Lenk or “Timur the Lame” Mongol leader who considered himself a second Genghis Khan Conquered territory of the Ilkhanate and the Chagatai Khanate Fierce warrior and brutal leader

TAMERLANE Established Timurid Empire (A.D. 1370 – 1507) Ruled Central Asia, Persia, Mesopotamia, and northern India Samarkand: Tamerlane’s capital

EMPIRE OF TAMERLANE

GREAT KHANATE Founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan Ruled China and Mongolia Strongest and wealthiest of the four khanates

GREAT KHANATE Kublai Khan conquered Song Dynasty in A.D. 1279 Established Yuan Dynasty (Mongol Dynasty) Yuan Dynasty rules China: A.D. 1279 – 1368

GREAT KHANATE Invaded and conquered northern Vietnam Failed attempt to conquer Japan Typhoon destroyed invading Mongol navy Kamikaze: “Divine Wind”

GREAT KHANATE (YUAN DYNASTY)

YUAN DYNASTY New capital built – Khanbalik: “City of the Khan” Khanbalik is present-day Beijing Yuan Dynasty adopted Neo-Confucianism Ran government using Chinese bureaucracy

DECLINE OF THE YUAN DYNASTY Military costs and failures Government corruption Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty in 1368

IMPACT OF THE MONGOLS Pax Mongolia (c. A.D. 1260 – 1360) Increased Silk Road trade between Asia and Europe Spread of paper money Increased role of merchant associations (guilds) Europeans introduced to Chinese technologies, such as gunpowder and printing

MARCO POLO Merchant from Venice, Italy 24-year journey through Asia Visited the court of Kublai Khan His accounts of China filled Europeans with awe