Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT THEORIES CHAPTER 5

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 THINK ABOUT: How do theories help us understand human development? Who are founding developmental theorists? What are key concepts of fundamental human development theories? What is an “integrated model” of human development?

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 PIAGET How was Piaget’s theory different than previous theories that tried to understand development? According to Piaget, what is: Assimilation? Accomodation? How is it different than assimilation?

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 PIAGET & BUEHLER How would you describe the stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Development: Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operations Formal Operations How did Charlotte Buehler expand on Piaget’s theory?

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 IN-CLASS ACTIVITY Break into groups of 4-5 people. Your group should create a list of: What are problems that you see with the theories of Piaget and Buehler? Where are they outdated, and where do they fall short? Class Discussion of your lists.

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 ERIKSON Proposed eight stages of human development. Stages are based on growth-oriented milestones that occur throughout one’s life. Each stage can only be completed sequentially – what happens in each stage predicts what happens in the following stages.

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 ERIKSON How does the relationship between person and their society influenced Erikson’s stages? Erikson believed we have conflicts at each stage that are a healthy part of development. What’s an example of such a conflict? How do you think individuals resolve such conflicts? What “tools” do they need?

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 KOHLBERG How did Kohlberg define morality? Kohlberg believed that individuals develop a moral sense of self when they are faced with moral dilemmas. Why do the authors of the book define Kohlberg’s work as “extraordinary?” What had Kohlberg’s work done that no one else before had done? How did Carol Gilligan critique Kohlberg’s work?

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 PERRY Perry was one of the first to argue that development did not stop in adolescence, but continued through young adulthood. Describe Perry’s model of young adult cognitive development – how do young adults progress cognitively throughout their years?

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 LEVINSON, GOULD, SHEEHY Levinson: Dev’t of Adult Males Gould: life cycle of development from an emotion-based perspective. Sheehy: development of adulthood, discussed the idea of “midlife crisis” in detail.

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 FEMINIST HUMAN DEVELOPMENT What was the primary claim of feminist human development theorists? Who was Chodorow? What was the main assertion of Carol Gilligan? Conarton and Silverman: women’s development based on relationships.

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 RELIGIOUS & SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT How would you describe Fowler’s model of spiritual development? What are its stages? Why does Worthington state that is important to attend to an individua’s religious development in counseling?

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 INTEGRATED MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT Developing models of human development that look at social, emotional, physical, moral and spiritual development. More current theorists are looking at how culture and context may influence human development overall.

Nugent & Jones, Introduction to the Profession of Counseling, 5e. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 LET’S TALK ABOUT IT…. What are ways that you feel that a person’s culture (e.g., ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation) may influence development? How might a stage model of development be problematic? How might you use a stage model of human development to help or further the counseling process?