Good Afternoon! 1.Collect Congo Prompt 2.NVC 3.Imperialism in South Africa: A Diamond is Forever… Essential Question: Why and how did the British come to take over South Africa?

The “Race” is on… Economic forces driving imperialism in Africa – Cash crops Rubber (the Congo) Cocoa Coffee – Minerals/Resources Ivory Diamonds

Clash over South Africa 1867 diamonds discovered in South Africa – “The Mineral Revolution”: leads to immigration and urbanization in the region Sets up conflict between three groups – The Boers – The Zulus – The British

The Three Sides The Boers – From the Netherlands – Dutch word for “farmer” – Early settlers c The Zulu Kingdom – Strongest kingdom in Africa led by King Shaka – Civilization dates back to 900AD – Skilled warriors The British – Received rights to South Africa at the Berlin Conference (1884) – 1886 now expanding “So little done, so much to do.”– Cecil Rhodes

Anglo-Zulu War Starts over land dispute – British give Zulus an ultimatum to leave land given to Brits by Berlin Conference British invade Zululand – Battle of Isandlwana – "March slowly, attack at dawn and eat up the red soldiers” – 1300 British soldiers killed

Defeat of the Zulu Technological advantages of British – Steam engine – Telephone communication – Maxim gun: 1 st machine gun Battle of Ulundi – “Concentrate fire with the artillery and Maxim Guns, and keep it concentrated. Undertake no serious operations with detached units of troops. I will be astonished if they [the Zulus] survive this.”– Field Marshall Wolseley

The Boer Wars ( ) Boers: Dutch settlers establish large farms c Initial allies of the British during the Zulu Wars After defeat of Zulus, British begin to encroach on their land (best diamond mines) – British encouraged by Cecil Rhodes – “I would annex the planets if I could. I often think of that. It makes me sad to see them so clear and yet so far.”—Cecil Rhodes

The First Total War Boers much weaker than British – resort to sneak attacks and commando raids Boer War characterized as first “Total War” – Total War: nearly every civilian is considered a combatant – Concentration camps – Scorched earth British victorious – Establish Union of South Africa in 1910

Legacy of Imperialism South Africa ruled by a white minority until 1994 Our friend Cecil Rhodes – De Beers: A diamond is forever Conflict aka “blood” diamonds continue to encourage violence and genocide to this day By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia are free of imperial rule