HW Check! Purple pens ONLY Write # incorrect and # unanswered

Chapter 11: Atmosphere EARTH SCIENCE Geology, the Environment and the Universe

Section 11.1 Atmospheric BasicsAtmospheric Basics Section 11.2 Properties of the AtmosphereProperties of the Atmosphere Section 11.3 Clouds and PrecipitationClouds and Precipitation Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Exit CHAPTER 11 Table Of Contents

Essential Questions What is the gas and particle composition of the atmosphere? What are the five layers of the atmosphere? How is energy transferred in the atmosphere? SECTION Atmospheric Basics

Review Vocabulary atmosphere: the layer of gases that surrounds Earth Energy is transferred throughout Earth’s atmosphere. SECTION Atmospheric Basics

New Vocabulary troposphere stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere exosphere radiation conduction convection SECTION Atmospheric Basics

What is air? Gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen, Particles, such as dust, water droplets, and ice crystals. SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition

Permanent atmospheric gases Earth’s atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen (78 percent) and oxygen (21 percent). SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition The amounts of nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere are fairly constant over time.

Variable atmospheric gases Water vapor varies … with the seasons with the altitude of a particular mass of air with the properties of the surface beneath the air SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition

Variable atmospheric gases During the past 150 years, the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased. Why? Primarily to the burning of fossil fuels. SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition

Molecules of ozone are formed by the addition of an oxygen atom to an oxygen molecule. Variable atmospheric gases SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition

The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet rays from reaching Earth’s surface. Ultraviolet is dangerous because… UV radiation kills organisms and damages skin cells Variable atmospheric gases SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition

Earth’s atmosphere contains variable amounts of solids in the form of tiny particles, such as dust, salt, and ice. What can change the amount of some of these? Atmospheric particles SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Composition

The atmosphere is classified into five different layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Layers

The layer closest to Earth’s surface, the troposphere, contains most of the mass of the atmosphere and is where weather occurs. In the troposphere, air temperature decreases as altitude increases. The tropopause is the altitude at which the temperature stops decreasing. Troposphere SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Layers

Above the tropopause is the stratosphere, a layer in which the air temperature mainly increases with altitude and which contains the ozone layer. At the stratopause, air temperature stops increasing with altitude. Stratosphere SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Layers

Above the stratopause is the mesosphere, in which air temperature decreases with altitude. Temperatures stop decreasing with altitude at the mesopause. Mesosphere SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Layers

The thermosphere is the layer above the mesopause and contains the ionosphere. Thermosphere SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Layers

The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere and can be thought of as the transitional region between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space. Exosphere SECTION Atmospheric Basics Atmospheric Layers

SECTION Atmospheric Basics Please click the image above to view the video.

Earth’s atmosphere is made up of five layers. Each layer is unique in composition and temperature. SECTION Atmospheric Basics Visualizing the Layers of the Atmosphere

SECTION Atmospheric Basics Please click the image above to view the video.

The total energy of the particles in an object due to their random motion is called thermal energy. SECTION Atmospheric Basics Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves. Thermal energy is transferred from the Sun to Earth by radiation. Radiation SECTION Atmospheric Basics Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

Incoming solar radiation (insolation) is either reflected back into space or absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere or its surface. Radiation SECTION Atmospheric Basics Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

The rate of absorption for any particular area varies depending on the physical characteristics of the area and the amount of solar radiation it receives. Radiation SECTION Atmospheric Basics Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between objects when their atoms or molecules collide. Conduction SECTION Atmospheric Basics Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of heated material from one place to another due to differences in density. Convection Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere SECTION Atmospheric Basics

Conduction: – Contact  Radiation: Waves  Convection: Density driven

SECTION Atmospheric Basics Please click the image above to view the video.

Oxygen is the most abundant gas in Earth’s atmosphere. a. true b. false SECTION Section Check

What causes weather on Earth? a. heat from Earth’s interior b. heat from the Sun c. Earth’s magnetic field d. Earth’s gravity field SECTION Section Check

By which criterion are layers of Earth’s atmosphere defined? a. by how temperature changes with height b. by how pressure changes with height c. by the types of clouds that form d. by the types of precipitation that occur SECTION Section Check

Essential Questions What are the three main properties of the atmosphere and how do they interact? Why do atmospheric properties change with changes in altitude? Review Vocabulary density: the mass per unit volume of a material SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere

Atmospheric properties such as temperature, air pressure, and humidity describe weather conditions. New Vocabulary temperature inversion humidity saturation relative humidity dew point latent heat SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere

Particles have more kinetic energy when they are moving faster, so the higher the temperature of a material, the faster the particles are moving. SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Temperature

Temperature can be measured in degrees Fahrenheit, degrees Celsius, or in kelvins. Measuring temperature SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Temperature

Air pressure is the pressure exerted on a surface by the weight of the atmosphere above the surface. Air pressure is often measured in units of millibars (mb) or inches of mercury (in Hg). Normal sea level pressure: mb or in Hg or 14.7 psi Why aren’t we crushed by 15 psi? Ranges: 870 mb – mb (25.69 in – in) SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Air Pressure

Warm Up! Complete the two Unit 2 Concept Diagrams –…by yourself. –…WITHOUT YOUR NOTES! Take out your notes from last class and your homework! (HW is getting turned in!) When finished, wait until everyone is done! –Pass it up your row.

The density and pressure of the layers of the atmosphere decrease as altitude increases. Density of air SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Air Pressure

P = D x T SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Air Pressure Pressure-temperature-density relationship

Temperature, pressure, and density are all related to one another. SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Air Pressure Pressure-temperature-density relationship P = D x T If temperature increases, but density is constant, the pressure increases. If the temperature increases and the pressure is constant, the density decreases. C C = =

A temperature inversion is an increase in temperature with height in an atmospheric layer. Temperature inversion SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Air Pressure

Cause: If the land does not radiate thermal energy to the lower layers of the atmosphere, such as on a cold, clear, winter night when the air is calm, the lower layers of air become cooler than the air above them. Temperature inversion SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Air Pressure

Effect: A temperature inversion can lead to fog or low-level clouds. In some cities, a temperature inversion can worsen air-pollution problems. Examples of such cities: Mexico City, LA, Pittsburgh Temperature inversion SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Air Pressure

What happened? Mrs. D sealed a bottle at the top of Mauna Kea (13,000+ feet). When Mrs. D got back to sea level, it was crushed. Mauna Kea Info

The movement of air is wind. In the lower atmosphere, air generally moves from regions of higher density and pressure to regions of lower density and pressure. Wind SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Air Pressure

Near Earth’s surface, wind is constantly slowed by the friction that results from contact with surfaces including trees, buildings and hills. Higher up from Earth’s surface, air encounters less friction and wind speeds increase. Wind SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Air Pressure

Lesson 13: What is Air Pressure? Page 75 – Q 1-3 Individually Page 76 – Together! Class demo! Page 77 and Lesson 14 – With a partner When Finished… –Pick up ½ sheet. Turn in to row folder TODAY! –Pick up Lesson 15 & 17 – Homework!

Meteo Basics: Day 3 Warm Up: review layers of the atmosphere Current Events due! –Put your name on the top notecard. –DO NOT STAPLE. Paper clip or rubber band! HW: Chapter 12 Study Guide – Sections 1 & 2 Finish the winds packet

Air Pressure Demo Can crushBig Can CrushBig Can Crush Balloons

How do highs and lows form?

How do highs and lows form?

Molecular weights: N2 = 28 mol/gram O2 = 32 mol/gram H2O = 18 mol/gram Same volume, but less mass = lower Density

How do highs and lows form?

Results: Humid/warm air is less dense, so it creates areas of low pressure Cool/dry air is more dense, so it creates areas of high pressure

How do highs and lows form? Air is more dense outside the hot air balloon Air is less dense inside the hot air balloon So inside the balloon, there is a low pressure center.

What type of weather is typical at lows?

Proof of concept: In space, gravity is too weak to pull cold air down… so flames take on a rounded shape!

What type of weather is typical at lows?

Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere at a given location on Earth’s surface. SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Humidity

Saturation occurs when the amount of water vapor in a volume of air has reached the maximum amount possible for that temperature. SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Humidity Relative humidity

The amount of water vapor in a volume of air relative to the amount of water vapor needed for that volume of air to reach saturation is called relative humidity. SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Humidity Relative humidity

The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure to reach saturation. SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Humidity Relative humidity

Las Vegas Florida

Las Vegas Florida

Las Vegas Florida

The extra thermal energy contained in water vapor compared to liquid water is called latent heat. SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Humidity Relative humidity

A process in which temperature changes without the addition or removal of thermal energy from a system is called an adiabatic process. Adiabatic heating occurs when air is compressed, and adiabatic cooling occurs when air expands. SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Humidity Condensation level Cloud in a bottle

At equilibrium, evaporation and condensation occur at equal rates, so the amount of water in the liquid form remains constant. SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Humidity Condensation level

Condensation occurs at the lifted condensation level (LCL). Air above the LCL is saturated and thus cools more slowly than air below the LCL. SECTION Properties of the Atmosphere Humidity Condensation level

Determining Relative Humidity Finish lesson 21 – turn in today! HW: Chapter 12 Study Guide – Sections 1 & 2 Winds packet (from last class) BE READY FOR A QUIZ ON LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE!