Protein synthesis takes place in the… ribosomes

In eukaryotic cells the chemical energy stored in food is changed into ATP in the… mitochondria

The organelle that modifies and packages is the… Golgi apparatus

The small, membrane-bound structures that contain powerful digestive enzymes are… Lysosomes

Cells that do not have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are called… prokaryotic

The cell theory states that: all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and… All cells come from pre- existing cells

Two organelles that are found in plant cells but not in animal cells are… Cell wall and chloroplast

What are the four levels of organization from simplest to most complex? Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

The movement of water across a cell membrane from high to low concentration is called… osmosis

Facilitated diffusion across cell membrane requires_______________ and moves a substance _________________________________. proteins from a high to a low concentration

An animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution would… swell and eventually burst

Placing a plant in salt water solution would cause the cell contents to… shrink away from the cell wall

Molecules that are too large to diffuse across a cell membrane can be exported by… exocytosis

As a result of diffusion, the concentration of many types of substances is trying to reach… equilibrium

Passive transport… is the net movement of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration. Does not require energy!

How are ADP and ATP related? Di has 2 phosphates Tri has 3 phosphates ADP = half charged battery ATP = full charged battery

The two major groups of reactions used in photosynthesis are known as… the light dependent reaction and the light independent reaction (Calvin/Dark cycle)

What organism can convert light into chemical energy? plants

What are the products of aerobic respiration? ATP, carbon dioxide and water

Which two substances must be present in the cell for the process of aerobic respiration to take place? glucose, oxygen

Both anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration begin with the process of… glycolysis

The two main types of fermentation are… alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation

What process produces the greatest quantity of ATP per glucose molecule? aerobic respiration (ETC)

The process of mitotic cell division normally results in the production of… Two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? Interphase (S-phase)

The purpose of meiosis is to form… four haploid cells (sex cells)

If a body cell of an alligator has 32 chromosomes how many chromosomes would there be in an alligator’s sperm cell? 16

During crossing-over, portions of chromatids… Break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosome

The primary function of DNA in cells is to… Store and transmit information

What are the three components of a nucleotide? Five-carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base

If one strand of DNA has a base sequence of ATCGT, the complementary base sequence is… TAGCA

Guanine and cytosine are joined by… weak hydrogen bonds

Where does transcription occur? nucleus

The function of mRNA is to… carry genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome

If the DNA code for the amino acid valine is CAA and the DNA code for the amino acid glycine is CCT, then the correct mRNA sequence for valine and then glycine is… GUU - GGA

The order of the information flow for protein synthesis is… DNA – RNA – protein – trait

In messenger RNA, each codon specifies a particular… amino acid

The product of translation is a sequence of… amino acids held together by peptide bonds (protein)

Who is considered the father of genetics? Mendel

In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is completely dominant over white fur (b). In order to determine whether a black guinea pig is homozygous or heterozygous for the color trait, the guinea pig should be mated with a… white guinea pig (homozygous)

In pea plants tall is completely dominant to short. Half of the offspring are short. What are the probable parental genotypes? Tt x tt

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular hereditary trait is called a/an… gene

True/False: A cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is called eukaryotic False

What is the correct sequence of events in embryonic development? zygote – morula – blastula – gastrula

The attachment of the blastocyst (blastula) to the uterine wall is known as… implantation

Three primary germ layers are produced during… gastrulation

The first few mitotic cell divisions of the zygote are called… cleavages

The structure that exchanges nutrients, gases and waste products between the mother and the fetus is the… placenta

The stage of embryonic development that consists of a solid ball of cells is called a… morula

When the sperm fertilizes an egg, what is the result? zygote

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells

Stem cells are… unspecialized cells that have the potential to differentiate

Where would you most likely find water? A&C C B A

All viruses must contain the following two important components: nucleic acid and… Protein coat (capsid)

All viruses cannot reproduce without a… host cell

In the lytic cycle of infection, a virus immediately makes more viruses and destroys the… host cell

Most bacteria reproduce by this type of asexual reproduction… binary fission

The three main shapes of bacteria are… bacillus, coccus and spirillum

Almost all compounds in the human body contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and… nitrogen

When mixed, why do water and oil separate? because water is polar and lipids are nonpolar

What are the components of a lipid molecule? glycerol and fatty acids

The molecules that are the primary fuel for living things are… carbohydrates

A protein that increases the rate of a reaction is a/an… enzyme

What are the functions of lipids? storing energy and building membranes