Components of the Cell Nicole Murnane - sourced from Nature of Biology 3&4

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Plasma Membrane Boundary of the cell Consists of a phospholipid bilayer Maintains internal environment of cell Allows movement of some substances into and out of the cell: referred to as partially permeable

Cytosol Fluid inside cells Consists of water and dissolved substances Bathes organelles

Nucleus The control centre of the cell Contains DNA Enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope EUKARYOTIC cells have a nucleus

Mitochondrion Power house of the cell Produces energy in the form of ATP via the process of Cellular Respiration Have an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane

Ribosomes Site of protein production Found in cytosol or are attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Ribosomes in cytosol produce proteins used by cell Ribosomes on ER produce proteins transported out to other cells Examples: pancreatic cells produce insulin; stomach cells produce pepsin

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Transports substances within the cell Consists of a system of membrane-bound channels Smooth ER – without ribosomes Rough ER – with ribosomes Examples: haemoglobin used in red blood cells

Golgi Apparatus Consists of several layers of membranes Packages materials into vesicles to be transported out of the cell Vesicles are discharged from the cell by exocytosis Also known as the Golgi complex

Lysosomes Sac-like structures surrounded by a membrane Filled with digestive enzymes Destroy unwanted cell parts and damaged molecules in a controlled way Can cause the death of a cell – programmed cell death Examples: development of fingers in embryo

Cell Wall Only found in plants and prokaryotes Semi-rigid protective structure made of cellulose On the outside of the cell membrane

Chloroplasts Only found in plants Site of photosynthesis Contains green pigment called chlorophyll that traps light Have an outer membrane and many internal folded membranes called grana. Chlorophyll is located here. The space between the grana is called stroma.

Chloroplasts

Vacuole Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm In plant cells, vacuoles tend to be very large In plant cells they provide structural support, and are used for storage and waste disposal In animal cells, vacuoles are smaller and are used for storage

Flagella Whip like structure Found in bacterial cells and single celled organisms Used for movement of the organism’

Cilia Extension of the cell membrane Whip like structures in eukaryotic cells Called flagella if only one or two are present Examples: movement of mucus in trachea

Putting them all together Organelles within one cell do not act in isolation, but interact with each other Groups of cells form tissue Groups of tissue form organs Groups of organs form systems