Information Technology and Law Enforcement Julie R. Keith Kaplan University- CJ 216 1

Developmental Stages 1.Pre-mechanical Age 2.Mechanical Age 3.Electromechanical Age 4.Electronic Age These stages solved problems with the input, processing, output, and communication. 2

Some characteristics of The Pre-Mechanical Age  Writing and Alphabets- Communications  Paper and Writing utensils- Input technology  Books and Libraries – Permanent Data Storage  Numbering Systems - Calculators Information Technology 3000 B.C A.D. 3

Some characteristics of The Mechanical Age Information Technology  Moveable metal-type printing process- Johann Gutenberg.  Development of book indexes and numbered pages.  Job title “computer”- One who works with numbers.  Development of slide rule (first analog computer) – William Oughtred.  Development of the Pascaline: One of the first mechanical computing machines – Blaise Pascal.  Development of fixed programs operating in real time.  Development of binary logic. 4

 The Voltaic Battery (Late 18 th century)  The Telegraph (Early 1800s)  The Morse Code ( Samuel Morse)  Telephone ( Alexander Bell)  Radio ( Guglielmo Marconi)  Electromechanical Computing ( Herman Hollerith and IBM) Some characteristics of the Electromechanical Age: 5

Information Technology 1940-present  Eckert and Mauchley – Developed the first high-speed, general-purpose computer using vacuum tubes: titled the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).  After four generations of development, large scale integrated and expandable computers were born. Some characteristics of the Electronic Age 6

Information Technology and Our Criminal Justice System 7 Three styles of policing affected by communications… Political Professional Community Oriented

8 The Political Era and Information Technology Some characteristics of Political Policing Style: Appointments to serve by local politicians. Positions reflected political affiliation. Appointments could be bought. Police corruption. Inefficiency in operations: Primarily foot patrol. Low personal standards. Little supervision or accountability. Minimal information from the community. Photography. Dossier files. Information Technology included:

9 The Professional Policing and Information Technology Some characteristics of Professional Policing Style Political reformation. Implementation of modern technology. Primary goal to eliminate police corruption. Reduce crime and protect the community. Information Technology included: Fingerprint Identification ( ’s). Police patrol cars. Two-way radio in police cars (1934). Telephone contact for citizens – Dispatch. Wilson’s textbook: Police Administration (1950).

10 Community Oriented Policing Style Some characteristics of Community Oriented Policing Style Influenced by Civil Rights Movements (1960’s). Recognized alienation between police and citizens. Attempts to analyze crime causation. Problem solving techniques and personal contact with community. Provide support to Neighborhood Watch programs. Major elements are efficiency and effectiveness.

11 Modern Information Technology and Law Enforcement Modern technology used in law enforcement is for tactical and strategic purposes… Management Information Systems (MIS). Computer Aided Dispatch Systems (CAD). Mobile Digital Terminals (MDT). Mobile Digital Computers (MDC). Geographic Information Systems (GIS). National Crime Information Center (NCIS). Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS). Personal Digital Assistants (PDA). Examples of modern police technology include:

12 Forensic Technology and Evidence Analysis Some forensic technology may include: Physical Evidence is of a tangible nature relating directly to the crime…(law.jrank.org)) Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). DNA analysis (commonly blood, semen, or saliva). Trace evidence analysis (hair, fiber, glass…). Sound Spectrography (voiceprint). Bite mark comparisons. Ballistics. Drug analysis.

13 Future Technology in Law Enforcement Fully integrated information systems. Personal Locator Beacons (PLB). Automatic Collision Notification (ACN) systems. Chipping goods process. AVL (Automatic Vehicle Location) technology. Biometrics (ex. Facial Recognition Technology). Smaller Personal Digital Assistants (PDA). Advanced pursuit technology. Possibilities for law enforcement procedure include:

14 References: Foster, R. E. (2005) Police Technology. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ ISBN History of Information Technology Outline. Retrieved on February 13, 2010 from web site