Colony defense Cleaning behavior Use propolis – bee w/ propolis on hind leg Nest mate recognition R. Williamson Photo R. Williamson photo R. Williamson Photo * guarding
Worker use Pheromones in nest defense Alarm pheromone sting glands Sting left in victim Note: liquid at top right is from digestive system Bee stings in bee veil fabric
Other Worker Pheromones Alarm sting glands Orientation Nasanov gland Hive odor Trail pheromone Mixture of 7 terpenoids: E- & Z- citral, nerol, nerolic acid, geraniol, geranic acid & farnesol – from tip of abdomen scenting R. Williamson photo
Footprint substance Alarm sting glands Orientation Nasanov gland Hive odor Trail pheromone L. Connor photo
Hive Odor Alarm sting glands Orientation Nasanov gland Hive odor Trail pheromone Mixture of distinctive queen odor, hive food odors, worker odors, etc – each of these colonies may have distinctive odors – but with all colonies looking so similar, the hive odor distinction may be negated by drifting
Other Pheromones Alarm Orientation Trail pheromone Brood pheromone (different ages/caste/sex?) Beeswax comb others (Drones have odor?) R. Williamson Photo YES young brood = E-β-ocimene
Bee hives are smelly Beekeepers too sometimes
Field Bee “Work” After 3 weeks workers take Orientation Flights (drones queens in 1 st week) Then workers become field bees collecting….. nectar pollen propolis water
How do they find these resources?
Via Bee communication Not this way! By Dancing!
Communication Bee Dancing – 3 basic steps – round waggle vibrating (scratch my back)
Wagtail Dance From Gould & Gould 1988 Source Gould & Gould Food away from sun Food toward sun’s azimuth positon Food 80 to left of sun Field – sun’s position Hive - gravity Distance to food Length of waggling segment + smell, taste Direction to fly