Dr.Khaleel Ibraheem MBChB,DMRD,CABMS-rad Thoracic radiology Dr.Khaleel Ibraheem MBChB,DMRD,CABMS-rad
Approach to chest x ray
Chest consolidation
Diffuse lung lesions
Differentiating the Causes of an Opacified Hemithorax Atelectasis of an entire lung A large pleural effusion Pneumonia of an entire lung And a fourth cause: Post-pneumonectomy – removal of an entire lung
Atelectasis of the Lung There is a shift of heart and hemidiaphragm toward side of opacification (toward side of volume loss)
Pleural Effusion It acts like a mass Pushing the heart and trachea away from the side of opacification
pneumonia The hemithorax is opaque and there isno shift of the heart or trachea There may be an air bronchogram sign present
postpnemonectomy The hemithorax eventually fibroses and becomes opaque Clues: There is frequently a resected fifth rib and/or surgical clips
quiz
Pleural effusion Subpulmonary On the frontal film, the highest point of the apparent right hemi diaphragm is displaced laterally (it is usually in the center). Blunting of CP angle Normally there are 2-10cc of fluid in the pleural space When >75cc accumulate, the posterior costophrenic (CP) sulci, seen on the lateral film, become blunted When 200-300cc accumulate, the CP sulci on the frontal film become blunted
Meniscus sign Pleural fluid tends to rise higher along its edge producing a meniscus shape medially and laterally Usually only lateral meniscus can be seen The meniscus is a good indicator of the presence of a pleural effusion
Loculated effusion Occurs secondary to adhesions which form between visceral and parietal pleura Adhesions more common with blood(hemothorax) and pus (empyema) Loculated effusions have unusual shapes or positions in thorax
hydropneumothorax If both a pneumothorax and a pleural effusion occur together, it is called a hydropneumothorax A hydropneumothorax is usually due to trauma, surgery, bronchopleural fistula It is characterized by an air-fluid level in the hemithorax A straight edge,indicative of a fluid interface, in this case an air-fluid interface, is seen on the right.
pneumothorax When air enters the pleural space, the parietal and visceral pleura separate making the visceral pleura visible The thin white line of the visceral pleura is called the visceral pleural white line You must see the visceral pleural white line to make diagnosis of pneumothorax!
Simple pneumothorax In a simple pneumothorax, there is no shift of the heart or mediastinal structures (trachea) Air in left hemithorax balances the air in the right hemithorax
Tension pneumothorax Progressive loss of air into pleural space causing a shift of the heart and mediastinal structures away from side of pneumothorax Opposite lung is compressed Respiratory function severely compromised