BIOFUEL ETHANOL: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATE OF LAW IN THE RISK SOCIETY Authors: José Rubens Morato Leite, Délton Winter de Carvalho, Matheus Almeida Caetano, Silvana do Prado Brouwers and Maria Leonor Paes Cavalcanti Ferreira

BIOFUEL ETHANOL: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATE OF LAW IN THE RISK SOCIETY  Different topics;  Consequences.

POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF SUGARCANE ETHANOL - Reduction of the Greenhouse Gases; - Assimilation of CO2 by the cane; - Brazilian sugarcane ethanol is the most efficient biofuel in energy production;

POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF SUGARCANE ETHANOL: - employments; - “energetic emancipation”.

NEGATIVE POINTS OF SUGARCANE ETHANOL: Monoculture agricultural; Devastation of rainforests; Loss of biodiversity;

NEGATIVE POINTS OF SUGARCANE ETHANOL: Sugarcane burning Air pollution - Put food prices on the increase.

BIOFUEL Biofuel is any liquid, gaseous, or solid fuel produced from plant or animal organic matter. Soybean oil, alcohol from fermented sugar, wood as fuel, etc

FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS Use crops as food stocks; Low technological complexity

FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS Examples: biogas, biodiesel (soybean, sunflower and rapeseed), ethanol (corn, sugarcane, sugar beet and wheat) and vegetable oil.

SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS  Cellulosic biomass;  Advanced technology;  Examples: biohydrogen, biogas, bioethanol and biofuel synthetic.

THIRD GENERATION BIOFUELS Seaweed as raw material  ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere  greater efficiency photosynthetic  extremely small

THIRD GENERATION BIOFUELS In Brazil, since 2006  research to produce biodiesel from microalgae  CHALLENGE: very expensive and consumes much energy.

Environmental State of Law  Environmental problems are synergic and very complex.  Mechanisms of the Environmental Rule of Law:  BAT

Best available technology Machines to cut sugarcane, Cellulosic ethanol production from biomass-waste; Non-use of pesticides.

SOCIAL SEAL program with social criteria (tax incentives) reduce regional disparities

CHALLENGES  INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT  ecological economic zoning  planting areas on too dry or degraded lands for food production and only with native plants

CHALLENGES  decentralization of ethanol production  ethanol production by family farmers and the possibility of selling it to large companies.

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT  Example: energetic self-sufficiency of some Brazilian plants, existing in some cases even a surplus, sold to electric distribution companies.  Second generation ethanol production must increase, using garbage and waste as raw material.

CONCLUSION  It’s necessary a policy of biofuels with a integrated system of food and bioenergy production, with a link among all environmental public agents and with a condition in environmental that allows the good use of biomass residues, to get a best environmental protection.