Happy semester with best wishes Dr Amira Yahia

Introduction to research

Lecture I introduction to nursing research The learning outcomes: After this lecture the student will be able to: Define research and nursing research Describe the link between research and evidence based practice Identify the role of professional nurse in research Define the common terminology used in research Describe the history of nursing research

Research Research Research is “ the systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or to solve a problem ”

Purposes of Research Research serves two Purposes :- 1- Generates new knowledge and technologies to deal with major health problems “ basic research ” 2- Identifies priority problems, evaluates polices and programs “ applied research ”

The importance of Research Why do we carry out research ? It is generally recognized that there is a wide gap between data available, and data needed for management, planning and decision making, so research is needed to bridge this gap

NURSING RESEARCH IN PERSPECTIVE Research in its broadest sense is an attempt to gain solutions. It is the collection of data in a rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation. Research is away of dealing with ideas and systematically searches for new facts and relationships.

Cont…. Nursing research is concerned with systematic study and assessment of problems or phenomena: finding ways to improve nursing practice and patient care through creative studies, initiating and evaluating change, and taking action to make new knowledge useful in nursing.

What is research? It is a systemic inquiry or study that:  Validate and refine knowledge  Develop new knowledge The ultimate goal of research is the development of a research body of knowledge for a discipline or a profession as nursing

What is nursing research? Nursing research is a scientific process that validate and refine existing knowledge and generate new knowledge that can be used to improve clinical practice. Practical nurses need to: *read research report *identify effective environments for practice to promote positive outcomes for patients and families

Clinical nursing research That is a research designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurses’ clients.

link between research and evidence based practice Is integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values & needs in the delivery of high quality health care.

What is the importance of Nursing Research? Nurses ask questions aimed at gaining new knowledge to improve pt. care Research-based (evidence based) practice = integrating research findings into clinical decision making

What is the importance of Nursing Research? Cont. To promote an understanding of pt.’s and families experiences with health and illness. To implement effective nursing intervention ( the focus of quantitative research). To provide high quality and cost effective care within the health care system ( a common focus of outcomes research)

What is the importance of Nursing Research? Cont. To generate knowledge about: *nursing administration *health care services *characteristics of nurses * the role of the nurse To provide high quality learning experiences for nursing students

Examples of nursing research quest ions: 1 What are the factors that determine the length of stay of patients in the intensive care unit undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Doering, Esmailian, Imperial-Perez,& Monsein, 2009)? 2 How do adults with acquired brain injury perceive their social interactions and relationships (Paterson & Stewart, 2011)?

Characteristics of research It demands a clear statement of the problem It requires a plan It builds on existing data It collects new data

Common research terminology Description: identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena. Through descriptive research the nurse can: Describe the existing nursing practice Discover new information Promote understanding of situations Classify information for use in the discipline

Common research terminology cont. Explanation: clarifies the relationship among phenomena and identifies the reasons why certain events occurs Prediction: estimation of s specific outcome in a given situation. Nurses may be able to anticipate the effects that nursing interventions would have on patients and families

Common research terminology cont. Control: Using “rules” to decrease error and increase probability that study findings are an accurate reflection of reality Ensure results that reflect true relationship among variables Reduction of the influence of unwanted “extraneous” variables

Common research terminology cont. SAMPLING Who/what do you want to study? Choosing subjects who are “representative” of the study population

Common research terminology Variables: Measurable characteristic that varies among subjects Research is conducted because this variance occurs! Types of variables: –Independent – presumed cause –Dependent – presumed effect

Common research terminology Data: Pieces of information obtained in a study. Data are the actual “values” of the study variables –Quantitative - numeric value –Qualitative - narrative descriptions

Common research terminology RIGOR: Striving for excellence in research. Involves: –Discipline –Adherence to detail –Strict accuracy! –Uses precise measurement tools

Common research terminology SETTINGP Location of the study - can affect results Natural Setting: Uncontrolled, real life situation Partially Controlled: Manipulated or modified in some way Highly Controlled: Artificial environment for sole purpose of doing research. Decreases effects of outside influences

Common research terminology Trial and error: Is an approach with unknown outcomes that is used in a situation of uncertainty in which other sources of knowledge are unavailable Traditions: Truths or beliefs that based on customs and trends.

Types of research approach:

Quantitative Research Formal, objective, systematic process using: – measurement – hypothesis testing – data analysis It is traditional approaches such as experiments and surveys

Qualitative Research Evaluate subjective life experiences and give meaning to them Focuses on understanding phenomena from an individual’s perspective Approaches: observation, in-depth interviews, case studies, narrative analysis

Outcomes research It focused on examining the result of care or determining the changes in health status for the patients. The area of examination in this research: –1-pt’s responses to medical and nursing interventions –2-improvement of pt’s physical functioning –3-functional outcomes achieved with health care services –4- pt’s satisfaction with the health outcomes, care served and health care providers Nurses are playing an active role in conducting outcomes research through multidisciplinary research teams

Comparison between Quantitative &Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Formal, objective, systematic process using – measurement – hypothesis testing – data analysis Traditional approaches such as experiments, questionnaires, surveys Qualitative Research Evaluate subjective life experiences and give meaning to them Focuses on understanding phenomena from an individual’s perspective Approaches: observation, in-depth interviews, case studies, narrative analyses

RESEARCH PROCESS Phases of research process: 1.Conceptual phase: 1-Formulating &delaminating of the research problem & purpose. 2-Reviewing the related literature. 3-Definition of the theoretical framework. 4-Research question & hypothesis

Cont…… 2.The design and planning phase: 1-Selecting a research design. 2-Identifying the population to be studied. 3-Designing the sampling plan. 4-Finalizing and reviewing the research plan.

Cont…… 3.The empirical phase: 1-Collecting the data. 2-Conducting the pilot study and making revisions. 3-Preparing the data for analysis.

Cont….. 4.Analytic phase: 1-Statistical analysis tests. 2-Interpreting the results. 5.Dissemination phase: 1-Communicating the findings. 2-Utilizing the findings.

What is your role in nursing research? Consumers of research – read and evaluate Participate in the research process, utilize findings Conduct research

What is your role in nursing research? The researcher role a nurse assumes expand with her advanced education and expertis. BSN degree synthesizing research findings from nursing profession and other disciplines for use in practice Plan and implement research based changes in nursing care and collecting data for studies Provide valuable assistance in identifying research problems

What is your role in nursing research? Nurses with master : Lead health care teams in making changes in nursing practice Conduct focused initial studies in collaboration with other nurse scientests

What is your role in nursing research? Doctorally prepared nurses: Assume major role in the conduct of research and in the generation of nursing knowledge Coordinate research teams that include MSN and BSN to facilitate the conduct of research

What is your role in nursing research? The post doctorally prepared nurse: Prepared nurses to assume a full researcher role and has a funded program of research. They are expert in selecting and providing mentoring of new nurse researchers Do all the research activities identified for the other levels of educational preparation

History of Nursing Research Began with Nightingale and Crimean War- mid 1800s Early 1900s – problems in nursing: education, staffing issues 1960s Practice oriented research; first nursing research journals ANA Center for Research for Nursing

History of Nursing Research National Center for Nursing Research; awards/grants to support nursing research & training 1993 – Re-designated as the National Institute of Nursing Research

summary Nursing research is a scientific process that validates nursing and refines knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice. Research is correlated to evidence based practice as it promote high quality and cost effective care within the health care system

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