I. Biochemistry A. Macromolecules of Life  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids (DNA)

I. Biochemistry  Carbohydrates made up of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio First source of energy in cellular respiration Examples are sugars – glucose C 6 H 12 O 6  Lipids Do not dissolve in water – nonpolar Long-term storage of energy Examples include vegetable oil, olive oil, beeswax, earwax, and nailpolish Fats and Steroids are 2 types of Lipids

I. Biochemistry  Proteins Are made up of Amino Acids ○ There are 20 different AAs that produce all the proteins in organisms. ○ They are arranged in many different sequences Proteins make up Enzymes which are biological catalysts – so they help chemical reactions in the body go faster

I. Biochemistry  Nucleic Acids Are long chains of small, repeating subunits called nucleotides ○ Nucleotide = 5-C sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base Function is to store genetic information Examples include DNA and RNA

II. Metabolism A. Photosynthesis – Converts CO 2 to a useable form (sugar) using sunlight as the energy source for the reaction B. Chemosynthesis - Converts carbon molecules into a useable form (sugar) using oxidation of inorganic molecules C. Cellular Respiration - Converts nutrients (carbohydrates) into the usable form (ATP)

III. Cell Biology Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2. In Organisms, cells are the basic unit of structure and function. 3. Cells are produced only from existing cells.

III. Cell Biology Formation of the Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden – cells compose every part of plants Theodor Schwann – cells compose every part of animals Rudolph Virchow – cells come only from other cells

III. Cell Biology Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells ProkaryoticEukaryotic Simple single celled organisms Either single or multicellular organisms Lack internal membrane- bound organelles Have membrane-bound organelles No nucleusHave a nucleus

Types of Eukaryotic Cells  Somatic vs Gamete Somatic Cells are all body cells excluding sex cells Gametes are sex cells  Plant vs Animal Plant cells have chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall – Animals do not Animal cells have centrioles – Plants do not

III. Cell Biology A. Organelles / cell structures Cell membrane Cell wall Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cilia/Flagella

IV. Genetics DNA vs RNA DNARNA Double StrandedSingle Stranded Sugar = DeoxyriboseSugar = Ribose Bases = A, T, G, CBases = A, U, G, C Forms ChromosomesForms mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA Cannot Leave the Nucleus Can Leave the Nucleus

V. Levels of Organization  Molecular -> (atom – smallest unit of matter)  Cellular -> (smallest functional unit of life)  Tissues -> a group of cells that perform a similar function  Organs -> a collection of tissues joined to serve a common function  Organ Systems -> Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function

Levels of Organization  Organisms -> an individual  Populations -> a group of organisms of the same species that can interbreed and live in the same geographic area at the same general time.  Communities -> all the populations in a given area  Ecosystem -> a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment  Biosphere -> the part of earth that contains life

VI. Diffusion & Osmosis  Diffusion  Semi-permeable membranes  Osmosis – diffusion of water Osmoconformers – organisms that maintain internal salinity so it equals its environment. Osmoregulators - organisms that regulate or keep the solutes/salts of its body fluids at a higher or lower concentration then its surroundings

VII. Temperature  Endothermic organisms regulate temperature internally Examples of endotherms: cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians. cetaceanspinnipedssirenians  Exothermic organisms temperature regulated by external environment

VIII. Classification  Seven major taxa: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Classification  Binomial Nomenclature Genus species ex. Homo sapiens  Five-Six major Kingdoms Kingdom Monera broken into ○ Archaebacteria ○ Eubacteria Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia