VOTING AND PARTICIPATION Chapter 11

Learning Objectives Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 11.1Explain why there are battles over ballot access 11.2Outline how the right to vote has expanded 11.3Identify who tends to turn out in American elections 11.4Articulate the main theoretical approaches that explain voting 11.5Evaluate how low turnout is in American elections 11.6Analyze how changes in voting laws have affected participation rates 11.7Describe other important forms of participation 2

The Practice and Theory of Voting  The Constitution and Voting  Left choices to the states  Led to a complicated system  Inequalities among the states  Competing Views of Participation  Suffrage  Hamiltonian model of participation  Jeffersonian model of participation Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 3

Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian Models of Participation Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 4

The History of Voting in America  Expansion of Voting, 1790s to 1870  First nine elections popular votes not recorded  State legislators chose Electoral College  Jacksonian democracy and franchise  Fifteenth Amendment gave African American males right to vote Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5

Constitutional Amendments that Pertain to the Right to Vote Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 6

The History of Voting in America  The Road to Women’s Suffrage,  Grew stronger after Civil War  Susan B. Anthony  Wyoming first to grant women right to vote  Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920  Overall voter turnout dropped in the short term Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 7

The History of Voting in America Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8

The History of Voting in America  The Denial of African American Suffrage, 1870 to 1965  Jim Crow laws  Literacy Tests  Poll Tax  Grandfather Clauses  The White Primary Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9

Louisiana Literacy Test Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 10 These questions, excerpted from a three-page test, make it clear that the test was not intended to test literacy but to deny African Americans the right to vote.

The History of Voting in America  The Civil Rights Movement and African American Voting, 1950s and 1960s  Boycotts, sit-ins, marches  1964 Civil Rights Act  1965 Voting Rights Act  Voter registration  Voter apathy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 11

The History of Voting in America  The Latino Vote  Poll taxes and language barriers  Literacy tests were English-based  Language Assistance Amendments in 1975  Latino voting continues to lag  The Vote for 18-Year-Olds, 1971  Until 1971, voting age was 21 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 12

Percent of Eligible Voters Who Lack Photo ID by Race and Ethnicity Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 13

Voter Turnout Rates in Presidential Elections by Race and Ethnicity, Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 14

Who Votes?  Turnout  Highest for presidential elections  The Demographics of Turnout  Sex  Age  Income  Education Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 15

Turnout by Demographic Group in Presidential Elections, 2004, 2008, and 2012 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 16

Turnout by Education in Presidential Elections Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 17

Why Citizens Vote  An Economic Model of Voting  Self-interest  Rational voting  Civic duty  A Psychological Model of Voting  Civic interest  Efficacy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 18

Why Citizens Vote  An Institutional Model of Voting  Shaped by...  Rules of the system  Political party behavior  Ways candidates run campaigns  Context of the election  Is Voting in Your Genes?  Weather Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 19

Assessing Turnout  Is Turnout Low?  The United States Compared to Other Democracies  Compulsory voting; convenience  Trends in Turnout  Voting-age population  Generational replacement  Decline of party organizations  Harsh tone of political campaigns  A New Way to Measure Voting  Voting-eligible population Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 20

Assessing Turnout  Do Turnout Rates Create Inequality?  Individuals with more resources participate more  Education  Wealth Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 21

Presidential Turnout Rates, Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 22

Voting Laws and Regulations  Reforms to Voting Laws in the 1890s  Graveyard voting  Progressives called for voter registration  Prevented immigrants from voting  Australian ballot/secret ballot  The National Voter Registration Act  Motor Voter law Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 23

Voting Laws and Regulations  New Forms of Voting  Early voting  Vote-by-mail system  Some states recently enacted stricter procedures  In-person voting enhances political efficacy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 24

Absentee and Early Voting by State Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 25

Participation beyond Voting  Involvement in Political Campaigns  Protest Politics  The Boston Tea Party  Vietnam antiwar protests  The Tea Party  E-Participation  Transformed fundraising Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 26

Nonvoting Measure of Political Participation Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 27

Participation beyond Voting Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 28 In 1932, when World War I army veterans assembled in Washington, D.C., to ask for early payment of bonuses, President Herbert Hoover ordered them to leave, and when some did not, he sent federal troops to disperse them.

Voting and Participation and Democracy  Danger to democracy from turnout distortion  A disparity in government responsiveness  The Influence of the Internet  Wealthier citizens have greater access Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 29

Pennsylvania Upholds Controversial Voter I.D. Law Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 30 Click picture to view video

Video Discussion Questions 1.Is voting fraud a major issue in election outcomes? 2.Which groups of voters are least likely to have photo identification? Why? 3.Should state laws regarding voter requirements and identification be uniform? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 31