Evolution Part 2

1. Speciation is when a group of organisms ____ alike and can ________ to produce ______offspring. look interbreed fertile

2. What is needed from a gene pool to form a new species? Isolation

3. What is a group that can, but rarely interbreeds within a species and varies in characteristics? A subspecies

4. What are the 3 things that are needed for a new species to be formed? -Offspring develop completely -Offspring live to reproductive age Offspring are fertile

5. What are the 3 main mechanisms of isolation that lead to new species? –Geographic –-Behavioral –-Temporal

6. What type of isolation is caused by a physical barrier? Give an example. –Geographic –-mountains, canyons, water etc.

7. What type of isolation is caused by differing mating signals? Give an example. Behavioral -bird mating songs

8. What type of isolation is caused mating in different seasons? Give an example. -Temporal -Seasonal change in mating-Autumn to winter

8b. What is it called when speciation occurs slowly? Gradualism

9. What is it called when speciation occurs in bursts with long periods between? Punctuated equilibrium

10. The theory that living things comes from nonliving things is… Spontaneous generation

11. The theory that all living things come from other living things? Biogenesis

12. Which theory is the one that modern scientists believe to be true? Biogenesis

13. When was Earth formed? 4.6 bya

14. What types of cells were formed first? They were followed by what type of cells.5 billion years later? -prokaryote ~2bya eukaryote~1.5bya

15. Using the information above, scientists developed the Endosymbiotic Theory which states…… The eukaryote cells came from prokaryote cells

16. What was missing from primitive Earth’s atmosphere that modern life requires? Oxygen

17. What is it called that we divide history into significant time periods? Geologic timeline

18. What are the subdivisions of eras? periods

19. What is it called when an event causes many things is disappear at the same time? Give 2 examples that could cause it. -Mass extinction -volcano eruptions -climate changes

20. What is the change in hereditary features in a species over time? evolution

21. What are the 5 primate adaptations? -developed cerebrum -long fingers/toes -Rotating shoulders -Binocular vision -Similar dental formula

22. What are the 2 additional hominid adaptations? -Bipedal -opposable thumb

23. What is the ability to walk on 2 legs called? bipedal

24. What are the 2 main benefits of this type of movement? -gives speed -frees hands

25. What is free rotating digit on hand (easily touch other fingers)? Opposable thumb

26. What is the benefit in this type of thumb? Grabbing objects and precision

27. What is it when the dental pattern is in a similar arrangement? Dental formula

28. Why are the teeth different? For different food types

29. What was the “Southern Ape” and how long ago did they exist? -Australopithecus -3-5mya

30. Describe them: -small brain -bipedal -similar pelvis

31. Who was the “handy man” and how long ago did they exist? -Homo habilis mya

32. What were they the 1st to do? Make and use tools

33. Describe them. Larger braincase

34. Who was the “upright man” and how long ago did they exist? -Homo erectus -~1.75 mya

35. What were they the 1st to do? To leave Africa

36. Describe their lifestyles. -hunters -used fire -lived in caves

37. Describe them. -larger brain -humanlike face

38. Which hominid lived 200, ,000 y.a.? Homo neanderthalensis

39. Were they direct ancestors of the modern human? no

40. What were they the 1st to do? Use spoken language

41. Describe them.  -thick bones -large face -prominent nose

42. Which hominids were the 1st to be direct ancestors to modern humans and when did they live? -Homo sapien Cro-Magnon -40,000-50,000 ya

43. Describe their lifestyles. -advanced tools -religious views -cave paintings

44. What characteristics are similar to modern humans? -height -skull -teeth -brain size similar to modern humans

45. What is the scientific name for modern humans and what does it mean? -Homo sapien sapien -wise man

46. What are the 4 “ages” and list the corresponding period. -Ice Age-Quaternary -Age of Dinosaurs-Triassic -Age of Fish-Devonian -Age of invertebrates (Cambrian)

47. List the 4 eras and match them to all their periods. -Cenozoic Era-(1.Tertiary and 2. Quaternary periods) -Mesozoic Era- (1. Triassic, 2. Jurassic, & 3. Cretaceous) -Paleozoic Era-(1.Cambrian, 2.Ordovician, 3.Silurian, 4. Devonian, 5.Cambrian) -Precambrian

49. What period and era are we living in? Cenozoic Era and Quaternary Period

50.What is the largest era? Precambrian