World War I Chapter 27-1

World War I Causes Rival Alliances Rival Alliances The Anglo-German Arms Race The Anglo-German Arms Race Imperialism Imperialism The Balkan Peninsula was a Powder Keg The Balkan Peninsula was a Powder Keg Direct Cause: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip Direct Cause: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip

Rival Alliances Triple Alliance v Triple Entente Triple Alliance v Triple Entente Bismarck had negotiated treaties to isolate France after the Franco-Prussian War because France wanted revenge Bismarck had negotiated treaties to isolate France after the Franco-Prussian War because France wanted revenge Bismarck had reason to fear Russia after Russia’s disappointment at the Congress of Berlin (when Russia defeated the Turks and got nothing) Bismarck had reason to fear Russia after Russia’s disappointment at the Congress of Berlin (when Russia defeated the Turks and got nothing)

1879 Dual Alliance: Germany and Austria Bismarck wanted to stop Russian expansion Bismarck wanted to stop Russian expansion Dual Alliance with Austria was based on Dual Alliance with Austria was based on Germany’s support for Austria’s expansion in the Balkans

Triple Alliance 1881 Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy wanted support for its ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa Italy wanted support for its ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa

Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty 1887 Agreement between Russia and Germany of neutrality if either one went to war with another country (had been arranged by Bismarck) Agreement between Russia and Germany of neutrality if either one went to war with another country (had been arranged by Bismarck) Russia wanted to renew it Russia wanted to renew it Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew it after Bismarck ousted Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew it after Bismarck ousted Wilhelm wanted closer ties to Austria Wilhelm wanted closer ties to Austria

Kaiser Wilhelm Blundered France (formerly isolated) courted Russia and the two became allies France (formerly isolated) courted Russia and the two became allies After 1891 England was the only non-aligned power “splendid isolation” After 1891 England was the only non-aligned power “splendid isolation” 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance: Japan agreed to neutrality if Russia became a threat to India 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance: Japan agreed to neutrality if Russia became a threat to India

1904 Entente Cordial In the face of the Anglo-German naval arms race Britain and France settled outstanding disputes in Africa In the face of the Anglo-German naval arms race Britain and France settled outstanding disputes in Africa France accepted British in Sudan France accepted British in Sudan Brits recognized French dominion in Morocco Brits recognized French dominion in Morocco

1907 Triple Entente Britain, France, Russia Britain, France, Russia A response to the Triple Alliance A response to the Triple Alliance Not formal; just principle Not formal; just principle

The Anglo-German Arms Race Militarism led to the belief that war was inevitable Militarism led to the belief that war was inevitable Germany outpaced England in the Industrial Revolution Germany outpaced England in the Industrial Revolution Bertha von Suttner wrote Lay Down Your Arms Bertha von Suttner wrote Lay Down Your Arms Inspired peace movements in Austria and Germany Inspired peace movements in Austria and Germany First woman to win Nobel Peace Prize First woman to win Nobel Peace Prize

The Arms Race British policy: Its fleet had to be larger than any two combined of rival nations British policy: Its fleet had to be larger than any two combined of rival nations 1898 Kaiser Wilhelm II began expanding the German navy 1898 Kaiser Wilhelm II began expanding the German navy Admiral Alfred von Tripitz led the naval buildup Admiral Alfred von Tripitz led the naval buildup Haldane Commission 1912: British tried to end the arms race with Germany. Unsuccessfully Haldane Commission 1912: British tried to end the arms race with Germany. Unsuccessfully By WWI both had Dreadnoughts: Super battleships with awesome firing range By WWI both had Dreadnoughts: Super battleships with awesome firing range

Imperialism Germany and others aggressive in acquiring colonies Germany and others aggressive in acquiring colonies Kruger Telegram triggered British anger Kruger Telegram triggered British anger Algeciras Conference 1906 settled the first Moroccan Crisis: Algeciras Conference 1906 settled the first Moroccan Crisis: The Kaiser had urged Moroccan independence in spite of France having claimed it The Kaiser had urged Moroccan independence in spite of France having claimed it Britain and Italy supported France Britain and Italy supported France

Imperialism Britain, France, Germany and the U.S. believed Germany was out to dominate all of Europe Britain, France, Germany and the U.S. believed Germany was out to dominate all of Europe Germany became isolated (except for Austria) Germany became isolated (except for Austria) Germany charged others with “encirclement” to block Germany’s emergence as a world power Germany charged others with “encirclement” to block Germany’s emergence as a world power The Triple Entente was created in response The Triple Entente was created in response

Second Moroccan Crisis 1911 German gunboat was sent to Morocco to protest French occupation of the city of Fez German gunboat was sent to Morocco to protest French occupation of the city of Fez Again, Britain supported France Again, Britain supported France Germany backed down Germany backed down

Nationalism in the Balkans The Eastern Question: The Ottoman Empire declined causing a power vacuum in the Balkans The Eastern Question: The Ottoman Empire declined causing a power vacuum in the Balkans Russia focused on the Balkans after its defeat to the Japanese Russia focused on the Balkans after its defeat to the Japanese Promoted Pan-Slavism (at the expense of the Ottomans and the Austro-Hungarian empires) Promoted Pan-Slavism (at the expense of the Ottomans and the Austro-Hungarian empires)

The First Balkan Crisis (Bosnian Crisis) The Young Turks led by Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal Pasha) set up a parliamentary government in the Ottoman Empire The Young Turks led by Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal Pasha) set up a parliamentary government in the Ottoman Empire Progressive and modern but seemed weak Progressive and modern but seemed weak Italy took the Turkish province of Libya…showed how weak the Ottomans were Italy took the Turkish province of Libya…showed how weak the Ottomans were

1908 Austria annexed Bosnia- Herzegovina Russia failed to gain access Russia failed to gain access Serbia frustrated Serbia frustrated Austria’s action violated the Congress of Berlin Austria’s action violated the Congress of Berlin Russia wasn’t ready to fight so war was averted Russia wasn’t ready to fight so war was averted

The First Balkan War 1912 Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria allied to successfully drive the Turks out of the Balkans Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria allied to successfully drive the Turks out of the Balkans Fighting lasted less than 1 month Fighting lasted less than 1 month Most Balkan territory now divided among the Balkan states Most Balkan territory now divided among the Balkan states Serbia wanted port access to the Adriatic but was blocked by Austria’s creation of Albania Serbia wanted port access to the Adriatic but was blocked by Austria’s creation of Albania

Second Balkan War 1913 Bulgaria angry at Serbia and Greece Bulgaria angry at Serbia and Greece They got more territory in 1 st Balkan War than Bulgaria did They got more territory in 1 st Balkan War than Bulgaria did Serbia defeated Bulgaria and temporarily gained Albania Serbia defeated Bulgaria and temporarily gained Albania Russia backed Serbia Russia backed Serbia BUT Austria, aided by Germany, took Albania back…Russia humiliated by lack of action BUT Austria, aided by Germany, took Albania back…Russia humiliated by lack of action

Third Balkan War Between Austria and Serbia led to WWI Between Austria and Serbia led to WWI

Direct Cause of WWI June 28, 1914 Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian throne) was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist (and member of the Black Hand) Gavrilo Princip while Franz Ferdinand was touring Sarajevo in Bosnia-Herzegovina June 28, 1914 Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian throne) was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist (and member of the Black Hand) Gavrilo Princip while Franz Ferdinand was touring Sarajevo in Bosnia-Herzegovina

WWI Kaiser Wilhelm II pledged Austria total support in punishing Serbia Kaiser Wilhelm II pledged Austria total support in punishing Serbia Called “the blank check” Called “the blank check” Austria made harsh demands on Serbia Austria made harsh demands on Serbia Serbia agreed to most but became too much Serbia agreed to most but became too much

Austria declared war on Serbia Austria began bombarding Belgrade Austria began bombarding Belgrade Russia mobilized in defense of Serbia Russia mobilized in defense of Serbia France mobilized on Germany’s western border France mobilized on Germany’s western border Germany declared war on France Germany declared war on France Germany marched through neutral Belgium on its way to France Germany marched through neutral Belgium on its way to France England declared war on Germany England declared war on Germany