The Beginning of Industrialization

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain Industrial Revolution (1700s) – increased output of machine-made goods England originally populated by small, village landowners Larger land owners bought these smaller farms More efficient for the larger landowners to work the whole plot

Agricultural Revolution Wealthy enclosed land with fences – enclosures Wealthy buying land had two outcomes: Experiment with way to grow crops Small land-owners become tenant farmers or move to cities Jethro Tull Seed drill – farmers sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths

Rotating Crops and Livestock Genetics Three-field system 1st year – crop hard on soil - wheat 2nd year - plant a root crop to restore the nutrients 3rd year - fallow Robert Bakewell – increased mutton yield by allowing his best sheep to breed Increased food and cloth More wealthy wanted large farms

Why England? Large population Many different natural resources: Water power/rivers Coal Iron ore Harbors Expanding economy Bank loans – more people could borrow money to buy machines Stable country Parliament passed laws to protect businesses

Inventions Spur Industrialization Before the revolution, cottage industry used for textiles 1 person sells Wool to another – make thread Thread sold - weave it into cloth Cloth sold - sow it into clothing Slow– made cloth expensive Invention make it process faster, also makes it cheaper

Changes in Textiles John Kay (1733) – flying shuttle Used to make cloth Shuttle that moved back and forth on wheels Easier for weavers since a machine did the work Traditional weavers could not keep up James Hargreaves (1764) – Spinning Jenny Used to make thread Spinning wheel that allowed one spinner to work eight threads

Changes in Textiles Richard Arkwright (1769) – water frame Used for thread Waterpower to drive spinning wheels Samuel Crompton (1779) – spinning mule Combination of the spinning jenny and water frame Made thread stronger, finer, and more consistent

Changes in Textiles Creation of factories – too big for home use Machines were bulky Needed water to run efficiently Wealthy merchants bought factories Started to buy more cotton from America and India Eli Whitney (1793) Cotton gin Cleaned cotton faster and more effectively

Improvements in Transportation Coal first main source of power Problem: needed coal to mine coal Steam-powered pumps - removed water from mine shafts but needed coal to run James Watt (1765) – steam engine Faster and burned less fuel Called the separate condenser Matthew Boulton – joined with Watt to sell engines Entrepreneur – person who organizes, manages, and takes on business risks

Improvements in Transportation Water Transportation Robert Fulton (1807) – steamboat Bought Watt engine Built a boat around it first steam-powered boat, the Clermont Ferried passengers on the Hudson River (NY) England, water transport was improved with canals Cut costs of production since shipping was cheaper Simpler to get goods where they needed to go

Road Transportation John McAdams (1800s) – improved roads Equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage On top he placed a smoothed layer of crushed rock Called “macadam” roads Companies built roads and operated them for profit Toll-gates were used to pay for them

The Railroad Becomes a Thing Steam-driven trains Richard Trevithick (1804) Won a contest hauling ten tons of iron over ten miles with steam-driven locomotive People then built on his ideas George Stephenson (1821) Built the world’s first railway line Liverpool-Manchester Railroad opened in 1830

Effects of the Railroads Spurred industrial growth Cheap to transport materials and finished products Created new jobs for railroad workers and miners Grew England’s agricultural and fishing industries Now could transport their products to distant cities Encouraged country people to take city jobs