Cronus envied the power of his father, the ruler of the universe, Uranus. Uranus drew the enmity of Cronus' mother, Gaia, when he hid the gigantic youngest children of Gaia, the hundred-handed Hecatonchires and one-eyed Cyclopes, in the Tartarus, so that they would not see the light. Gaia created a great stone sickle and gathered together Cronus and his brothers to persuade them to castrate Uranus. [1]GaiaHecatonchires CyclopesTartarusa great stone sickle [1] URANUS GAIA

HecatonchiresHecatonchires and one-eyed CyclopesCyclopes

TARTARUS

Gaia created a great stone sickle and gathered together Cronus and his brothers to persuade them to castrate Uranus. [1]a great stone sickle [1] Only Cronus was willing to do the deed, so Gaia gave him the sickle and placed him in ambush. When Uranus met with Gaia, Cronus attacked him with the sickle, castrating him and casting his testicles into the sea. From the blood that spilled out from Uranus and fell upon the earth, theGigantes, Erinyes, and Meliae were produced. The testicles produced a white foam from which the goddess Aphrodite emerged. [1]castratingtesticlesbloodGigantesErinyesMeliaeAphrodite [1]

According to his reading of the painting, the scene was inspired by the text in a Homeric hymn published in Florence in 1488 by the Greek refugee Demetrios Chalkokondyles:Demetrios Chalkokondyles Of august gold-wreathed and beautiful Aphrodite I shall sing to whose domain belong the battlements of all sea-loved Cyprus where, blown by the moist breath of Zephyros, she was carried over the waves of the resounding sea on soft foam. The gold-filleted Horae happily welcomed her and clothed her with heavenly raiment. [10] [10]

These essentially pagan readings of Botticelli's Birth of Venus should not exclude a more purely Christian one, which may be derived from the Neoplatonic reading of the painting indicated above. Viewed from a religious standpoint, the nudity of Venus suggests that of Eve before the Fall as well as the pure love of Paradise. Once landed, the goddess of love will don the earthly garb of mortal sin, an act that will lead to the New Eve – the Madonna whose purity is represented by the nude Venus. Once draped in earthly garments she becomes a personification of the Christian Church which offers a spiritual transport back to the pure love of eternal salvation. In this case the scallop shell upon which this image of Venus/Eve/Madonna/Church stands may be seen in its traditionally symbolic pilgrimage context. Furthermore, the broad expanse of sea serves as a reminder of the Virgin Mary's title stella maris, alluding both to the Madonna's name (Maria/maris) and to the heavenly body (Venus/stella). The sea brings forth Venus just as the Virgin gives birth to the ultimate symbol of love, Christ. [14] [14]

APHRODITE OR VENUS

The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis.kourosZeusLetoArtemis

Artemis/Diana goddess of the hunt Twin sister of Apollo

An apple of discord is a reference to the Golden Apple of Discord (Greek: μῆλον τῆς Ἔριδος) which, according to Greek mythology, the goddess Eris (Gr. Ἔρις, "Strife") tossed in the midst of the feast of the gods at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis as a prize of beauty, thus sparking a vanity-fueled dispute among Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite that eventually led to the Trojan War [1] (for the complete story, see The Judgement of Paris). Thus, "apple of discord" is used to signify the core, kernel, or crux of an argument, or a small matter that could lead to a bigger dispute.appleGreekGreek mythologyErisGr.feast of the godsPeleusThetisHeraAthenaAphroditeTrojan War [1]Judgement of Paris Apple of Discord: Eris’ apple causing strife

In the very beginning of the whole scene of the Trojan war, there was a wedding being held, for Peleus and Thetis. The two had not invited Eris, the goddess of discord. The outraged goddess then raged into the wedding celebration and tossed a golden apple onto the table, which was marked "for the fairest". Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite all reached out for the apple immediately, thinking they were the fairest. Zeus proclaimed that Paris would act as the judge. The three goddesses tried to bribe Paris, and he ended up choosing Aphrodite, who promised him that he would marry Helen, the wife of Menelaus. Hera

ATHENA APHRODITE

Aqueduct: brought water to Roman cities

In this version, Arachne was a shepherd's daughter who began weaving at an early age. She became a great weaver, boasted that her skill was greater than that of Athena, and refused to acknowledge that her skill came, in part at least, from the goddess. Athena took offense and set up a contest between them. Presenting herself as an old lady, she approached the boasting girl and warned: "You can never compare to any of the gods. Plead for forgiveness and Athena might spare your soul." "Ha! I only speak the truth and if Athena thinks otherwise then let her come down and challenge me herself," Arachne replied. Athena removed her disguise and appeared in shimmering glory, clad in a sparkling white chiton. The two began weaving straight away. Athena's weaving represented four separate contests between mortals and the gods in which the gods punished mortals for setting themselves as equals of the gods. Arachne's weaving depicted ways that the gods had misled and abused mortals, particularly Zeus, tricking and seducing many women. When Athena saw that Arachne had not only insulted the gods, but done so with a work far more beautiful than Athena's own, she was enraged. She ripped Arachne's work into shreds, and sprinkled her with Hectate's potion, turning her into a spider and cursing her and her descendants to weave for all time. This showed how goddesses punished those who were mortal.

Arachne: changed into a spider by Athena

Ares/Mars: god of war

Venus and Mars are married

There were several versions of her story. In one, Ariadne, the daughter of King Minos of Krete, assisted Theseus in his quest to slay the Minotaur, and then fled with him aboard his ship. However, when they landed on the island of Naxos, Theseus abandoned her as she was sleeping. It was here that the god Dionysos discovered her and made her his wife. Some say that she was later slain by Artemis, or else granted immortality.MinotaurArtemis

SLEEPING ARIADNE ARIADNE: HELPED THESEUS ESCAPE FROM THE LABYRINTH

Artemis: goddess of the hunt

Athena/Minerva: goddess of wisdom and war

Athens: Athena’s city

Parthenon: Athena’s Temple on the Acropolis (Athen’s famous hilltop) Parthenos = virgin Parthenon = temple to virgin Athena