Increased oceanic heat transport in the main Atlantic inflow branch to the Nordic Seas Bogi Hansen, Karin Margretha H. Larsen Hjálmar Hátún, Svein Østerhus 2016 Ocean Science meeting February, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

AGU, 2003 Greenland Iceland Shet- land Faroes image:AGU 2003 Atlantic inflow to the Nordic Seas Atlantic inflow Nordic Seas North Atlantic 0.8 Sv 3.8 Sv 2.7 Sv <1 Sv Faroe Current

AGU, 2003 image:AGU 2003 Iceland Faroes Monitoring section Faroe Current

Atlantic water on monitoring section ADCPs: Atlantic Arctic

Weekly averaged volume transport based on in-situ observations No statistically significant trend Volume transport (Sv) Hansen et al, Ocean Science (updated)

Atlantic water temperature T Atl 1°C SPG-retraction ± standard error 3-year mean

The effect of SPG retraction (Hakkinen & Rhines, 2004; Hátún et al., 2005) Warmer and more saline Before 1995After 1995

Relative heat transport from individual CTD cruises Hansen et al., 2010

Sea level difference across the flow Satellite altimetry (AVISO) Weekly averaged volume transport based on in-situ observations Hansen et al, Ocean Science

Combining altimetry and in-situ obs. 1. Velocity field using long-term ADCP and CTD records to calibrate altimetry, we can generate daily estimates of the velocity field every day since 1 st January Temperature field From altimetry and seasonal + long-term Atlantic water temperature variation we can generate daily estimates of the temperature field

Monthly averaged volume transport of Atlantic water Average volume transport of Atlantic water: 3.8 ± 0.5 Sv Hansen et al, Ocean Science

AW transport Weak seasonal variation Amplitude < 10% of avg transport ± standard error 20 year trend: 9±8% (95% confidence) Annual mean 3-year mean Hansen et al, Ocean Science (updated)

Heat transport relative to 0°C 20 year trend: 18±8% Hansen et al, 2010 Ocean Science (updated)

AGU, 2003 Greenland Iceland Shet- land Faroes image:AGU 2003 The main Atlantic inflow branch to the Nordic Seas speeded up from 1993 to 2013 Nordic Seas North Atlantic Volume transport increased by 9% Heat transport relative to 0°C increased by 18% NACLIM The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union 7th Framework Programme (FP ), under grant agreement n NACLIM