QUARKS - Protons are uud du u Charges: u = + 2/3 d = - 1/3 Total = +1

QUARKS - Neutrons are dud du d Charges: d = - 1/3 u = + 2/3 d = - 1/3 Total = 0

N P stability curve β–β– β+β+ α Too many neutrons Too many protons

Neutron to Proton d u d A DOWN quark changes to an UP and a β - is released u du

Proton to Neutron d u u An UP quark changes to a DOWN and a β + (positron) is released d du

Alpha particles (α) Two protons Two neutrons Charge = +2 Highly ionising

Electrons (β) β - = Beta minus (matter) Both are ‘fundamental’ particles β + = Positron (anti matter)

Electron gun Thermal electrons K.E. = e V K.E. = ½ m v 2 current

CERN - An example of international co-operation

Check the formulae at the front of the paper Write the equation, rearrange, substitute Take your time – don’t cut corners Check your Units One mark = one answer Answer the question asked Answer ALL questions Watch the time

Endoscope Non – invasive or small incision Faster healing Lower risk of infection

Endoscope Angle greater than critical = T.I.R.

Refraction Change of speed in different materials. Intensity Decreases with distance Decreases with density of material Intensity = Power / Area

E.C.G. Measures muscle potentials (in mV) Frequency = 1 / time

Pulse oximeter Red light (660nm) and IR (920nm) are detected by a photodiode and absorbed, or reflected, differently by oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Non-invasive

Energy Work done is equal to energy transfered Work done = Force x distance Power = Work done / time Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) = the minimum amount of energy required to keep the body going

Positron Emission Tomography Gamma rays are detected from outside of the body

Momentum Momentum = mass x velocity (Total momentum stays the same)

Palliative care Treatment of symptoms without hope of a cure

Good luck !