Asian Multilateralism Korean Perspectives December 09, 2013 You-Ra Kim

1. History of Korea’s Multilateralism 2. Current Status A. Drivers: 1) Security 2) Economic B. Approaches: 1) US-centric 2) Asia-centric 3) US in Asia 3. Obstacles 4. Future Regionalism for Korea

Phase 1 ( ): Ideological Battle, anti-communism bloc ·No concessions for communism (Normalization China: 1992/ Russia: 1990) ·Democracy in North Korea High US-dependency(Normalization Japan: 1965) Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 1954 (SATO) South Korea-US Mutual Defense Treaty 1953  Political/security related than economic

Phase 2 ( ):Détente-The End of the Cold War ·US military presence reduced (increased insecurity) ·Military rule-use of fear factor for justification Strained US-alliance with diverging threat perceptions Normalization-US, Japan, China, Russia (Isolation)  Skepticism and strict censorship

Phase 3 ( ):The End of Authoritarian Regime ·1988, Suggestion on six-party consultative conference ·1991 Basic Agreement Mini-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in Northeast Asia Four-party talks  Maintaining a strong US alliance while pursuing regional cooperation (political+economical)

Phase 4 (1990-): Deepening Regional Ties ·Expanding regional trade-European Union, NAFTA ·1997 Asian economic crisis Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI), ASEAN plus three (APT) Six party talks  Support for multilateral efforts to address economic and security concerns (middle power diplomacy)

1) Security · North Korea (nuclear) · Northeast Asia (US, China, Russia, Japan) · Six-party talks · Peace mechanism for confidence building

2) Economy · Export-dependent · Major trading partners Exports ToTrade ValueShareGrowth (thousands)(%)(% 5yr) China90,958, United States46,153, Japan27,848, Hong Kong19,484, Singapore16,049, Germany10,304, Russia9,546, Mexico8,922, India8,735, Indonesia7,641, Source: Global Exports in 2008 by Korea, South Market Value: 383,590 (millions)

1) US-centric ·Limited effect of multilateralism ·The nature of security concerns on the peninsula-significant US role (US v China) ·Check against the Japanese rearmament 2) Asia-centric ·Asian community (EU, United States) 3) US-in-Asia ·Balance for US and China ·Considers ‘Asia-centric’ unrealistic (US-Japan) ·Bind major powers-a solution for security dilemma (six-party talks)

Identity Politics ·History (Korea-Japan, Sino-Japan, Korea-China) ·Politics (distrust, inconsistency)

·Multilateralism? Security Economy ·Approach? US-in-Asia “ An advocate for cooperation, establish mechanisms for promoting regional cooperation in a way that is nonthreatening to the US (and China)”

S. Korea Unite States N. Korea Japan Russia China ASEAN

Edited by David Shambaugh (2005)“Power Shift, pg " University of California Press Sang-bae Kim (2011) “Middle Power’s Diplomatic Strategies i n the Perspective of Networks: Applying Theories of Structura l Holes and Positional Power” The Korean Journal of Internati onal Relations Collection 51. Book 3