History 171D The United States and the World Since 1945
The Korean War and the Anticommunist Witch Hunts
Joseph Stalin
Berlin crisis, —US and Britain airlifted supplies into West Berlin
Berlin crisis, May 1949—Stalin lifted blockade
Long-term division of Germany and Berlin Berlin crisis,
1949—US, Britain, France, Canada, Italy, and several other Western European nations formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
US Occupation of Japan —General Douglas McArthur instituted democratization and land reform on Japan, started to break up industrial monopolies (zaibatsu)
US Occupation of Japan 1947—McArthur took “reverse course” and ended reform effort; US instead sought to build Japan up as Cold War ally MacArthur and Japanese Emperor Hirohito
Truman and Marshall
Three shocks of :
Shock #1: The “Loss” of China, 1949 Chiang Kai-shek Three shocks of : Mao Tse-tung
Shock #1: The “Loss” of China, 1949 Three shocks of :
Secretary of State Dean Acheson
Shock #2: Soviet detonation of atom bomb Three shocks of :
NSC-68 spring 1950
Shock #3: Korean War Three shocks of :
Since 1945 Korea had been divided at 38th Parallel; Syngman Rhee (pro-US) in South, Kim Il Sung (pro-Soviet) in North
Approached Mao Tse-tung Spring 1950—Kim Il-sung sought to reunify Korea under his control
Approached Mao Tse-tung Spring 1950—Kim Il-sung sought to reunify Korea under his control... and Stalin
June 1950—North Korean forces attacked across 38th Parallel
Truman’s response:
Got UN Security Council to pass resolution authorizing use of force Truman’s response:
Got UN Security Council to pass resolution authorizing use of force Launched multi-nation military effort to repel North Korean attack Truman’s response:
Got UN Security Council to pass resolution authorizing use of force Launched multi-nation military effort to repel North Korean attack Signed off on NSC-68 Truman’s response:
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Fall 1950—US/UN forces gained initiative and pushed North Korean forces back above 38th Parallel, approaching Chinese border
Fall 1950—MacArthur convinced Truman North Korean regime could and should be destroyed
Fall-winter 1950—Chinese forces crossed Yalu River, dealing disastrous defeat to US/UN forces
Early 1951— US/UN forces pushed their way back up to 38th Parallel
1951—Truman relieved MacArthur of command, sought truce in war
Anti-Truman cartoon, 1951
1952 Presidential Election Dwight D. Eisenhower
1952 Presidential Election Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson
Red Scare 1947—House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) investigated “Hollywood Ten”
1947—Truman launched federal loyalty program Executive Order 9835
Whittaker Chambers Alger Hiss 1948—HUAC targeted Alger Hiss
Richard M. Nixon
Senator Joseph McCarthy
Not the same! Douglas MacArthurJoseph McCarthy
Early 1950—McCarthy accused Truman administration of harboring communists
McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated
McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated — 79 Terminated
McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated — 79 Terminated ______________________________________________________ =205 Communists in State Department
McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated — 79 Terminated ______________________________________________________ =205 Communists in State Department
1950—Ethel and Julius Rosenberg accused of spying
1953—Both Rosenbergs executed
Eisenhower and Marshall
1954—Army-McCarthy Hearings were televised, causing McCarthy to lose public support
Joe Welch vs. Joe McCarthy
1954—Senate censured McCarthy, effectively ending his career