Simple Modal Complex Modal Ephistemic Modal Periphrastic Modal Modals Simple Modal Complex Modal Ephistemic Modal Periphrastic Modal A review (you have learnt this in English business 1)

Simple Modal Simple modals have single forms (i.e. single words), including can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, and must.

Simple Modal examples And a whole lot more probability I can do it. request Will you pass the salt please. permission May I (please) borrow your pen? Necessity / prohibition He must (not) open that safe! And a whole lot more

Periphrastic Modal Periphrastic modals are phrase-like, such as ought to, have to, be going to, be able to, be allowed to, be supposed to, would rather, etc.

Periphrastic modals example Polite request Would you mind if I close the window? Habitual past I used to live in the mountains. Necessity I have to go to a meeting at 13:00. Preference He would rather eat a live frog than to date that girl. Advisability You ought to try harder than that Et cetera

Complex Modal Modals is usually followed by a simple form. Complex modals do not. It is used to express that something is in progress at the time or at a time on the past. For example: All the lights are turned off. She must be sleeping right now. Al wasn’t at home last night. He might have been playing at Joe’s house.

Ephistemic Modal Expressing degrees of certainty Auxiliary verb Must May Might Could Ought

(+) degrees of certainty: present Why isn’t John in class? 100 % sure: He is sick. 95 % sure: He must be sick. Less than 50 % sure: He may be sick. He might be sick. He could be sick.

(-) degrees of certainty: present 100 % sure: Sam isn’t hungry. 99 % sure: Sam can’t be hungry. Sam couldn’t be hungry. 95 % sure: Sam must not be hungry. Less than 50 % sure: Sam may not be hungry. Sam might not be hungry.

degrees of certainty: past (+) 100 % sure: He was sick. 95 % sure: He must have been sick. and so on… (-) 100 % sure: Sam wasn’t hungry. less than 50 % sure: Sam may not have been hungry. et cetera…

degrees of certainty: future Will Kay do well on the test? 100 % sure: Kay will do well on the test. 90 % sure: She should do well on the test. She ought to do well on the test. Less than 50 % sure: She may do well on the test. She might do well on the test. She could do well on the test.

Modals in Conditional Sentences Real and Unreal Conditional

If and Modals The modals will, would, can and could often appear in real (factual and habitual) and unreal (contrary to fact or hypothetical) conditionals

Examples real Fact Possibly true Habitual We could go out tonight if father haven’t return home. (We can’t go out tonight because father is home) Possibly true I will buy the car if I have the money Habitual John can usually walks to school if he has enough time.

Examples unreal hypothetical contrary to fact If I were rich, I could travel around the world. (I am not rich)(I’m not going to travel around the word) contrary to fact If I hadn’t been in a hurry, I wouldn’t have spilled the milk. (I was in a hurry) (I spilled the milk)

Thank you for Your kind attention SIM & TI session 13 & 14 Thank you for Your kind attention 16 16