© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI CONCEPT OF DEVELOMENT BY VASANT R KOTHARI 1 Also available on Android App “VRK PPTs” MPC-002 Life Span Psychology

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 2 MPC-002 Life Span Psychology Block-1 Prenatal, Infancy and Early Childhood Unit-1 Development

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 3 For Data Analysis of your Project Work

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI Concept of Development 4 Que asked in June 12, Dec 12, June 14 and Dec 14* IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page # 6

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© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 6 Goals of Development Changes Que asked in Dec 12 and Dec 14 IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page # 6 - 7

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 7 Goals of Development Changes The goal of development is to enable people to adapt to the environment in which they live Selfactualisation is essential to achieve these changes

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 8 Goals of Development Changes It plays an important role in mental health; people who make good personal and social adjustment must have opportunities to express their interest and desires in ways that give them satisfaction

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 9 Goals of Development Changes Lack of these opportunities will result in frustrations and generally negative attitudes towards people and life in general

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI Growth and Development 10 Que asked in Dec 13 and June 14 IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page # 7 - 8

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 11 Growth refers to the development of children from birth to adolescence

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 12 WHO is also coordinating an international effort to develop child growth standards for infants and young children (age 0-5 years)

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 13 Personality Development EnvironmentSocietyCulturePlaceBiological

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 14 Children’s Growth & Development Physical Psychological and Cognitive Social and Emotional Sexuality and Gender Identity

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 15 Physical Growth & Development

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 16 Psychological and Cognitive Growth & Development

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 17 Social and Emotional Growth & Development

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 18 Sexuality and Gender Identity Growth & Development

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 19 Children Development Theory Children develop smoothly and continuously Children develop more discretely in a series of stages

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 20 Critical Periods During Development No Que asked till now IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page # 7

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 21 Critical Periods There are certain periods of development known as difficult periods or critical periods

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 22 Critical Periods It is said that children who do not get special stimulation during their time of receptivity may get stuck at this period

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI Life Span Perspectives 23 Que asked in June 11 IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page # 8 - 9

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© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 26 Understanding Life Span Development Issues in Life Span Development Stages of Human Development Domains of Human Development

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 27 Understanding Life Span Development No Que asked till now IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page # 9

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 28 Life cycle forces Biological forces Socio-cultural forces Psychologica l forces Understanding Life Span Development

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© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 32 It reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages Life Cycle Forces

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 33 Each individual is a product of a unique combination of these forces No two individuals even in the same family experience these forces in the same way Life Cycle Forces

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 34 Issues in Life Span Development Que asked in June 11 and Dec 11 IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page # 10

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 35 vs

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 36 Stages of Human Development No Que asked till now IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page # 11

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© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 38 Domains of Human Development No Que asked till now IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page #

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© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI Characteristics of Life Span Development 40 Que asked in June 13 and Dec 13 IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page #

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 41 Growth Maintenance Regulation Development Factors

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 42 Characteristics of Life Span Development Lifelong Development Multi- dimensional Multi- directional Plastic Contextual Multi- disciplinary Embedded in History

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 43 The potential for development extends across the entire life span Development may involve processes which are not present at birth but emerge throughout the life span Lifelong Development

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 44 Development cannot be described by a single criterion such as increases or decreases in a behavior but it occurs in the biological, cognitive and social emotional domains Multidimensional

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 45 Development is often comprised of multiple abilities which take different directions, showing different types of change or constancy, some aspects of development increase, while others decrease Multidirectional

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 46 Plasticity refers to the within-person variability which is possible for a particular behavior or development Plasticity involves the degree to which characteristics change or remain stable Plastic

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 47 Development varies across the different contexts in which we live our lives It occurs in the context of a person’s biological make-up, physical environment and social, historical and cultural contexts Contextual

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 48 The individual continually responds to and acts on contexts, which include a person’s biological makeup, physical environment, social, historical, and cultural contexts Multidisciplinary

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 49 Development is influenced by historical conditions The historical time period in which we grow up affects our development Historically-Embedded

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI Facts of Development 50 Que asked in June 12 IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page #

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 51 Early foundations are criticalRole of maturation and learning in development Development follows a definite and predictable pattern All individuals are differentEvery stage has social expectation

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 52 Each Phase of development has characteristic behaviour Hazards in each phaseDevelopment is aided by stimulationCultural changes affect the developmentTraditional beliefs

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI Research Methods For Life Span Development 53 Que asked in Dec 11, Dec 12, Dec 15 and June 16 IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page # 15

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 54 Longitudinal Method For the study of developmental changes in the same group or individual, over a period of time, this method is useful

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 55 Cross-section Method This method studies the development changes by testing individuals of different ages at the same time only once

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© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 57 Cross Sectiona l Method Subjects age A Subjects age B Subjects age C Time 1 Longitudinal Method Time 1Time 2 Time 3 Subjects

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 58 LongitudinalCross-section One group of people studied over a period of time Participants of different ages studied at the same time

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 59 LongitudinalCross-section Studies take a long time to perform Take less time

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 60 LongitudinalCross-section WorseBetter Detecting Change Amount of Data Collected Accuracy

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 61 LongitudinalCross-section BetterWorse Representativeness Response Bias

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 62 LongitudinalCross-section Longitudinal studies make comparisons over time Cross-sectional studies make comparisons at single point in time

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 63 LongitudinalCross-section ExpensiveCheaper

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 64 LongitudinalCross-section Practical difficulties are there Reasonably practical

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 65 Sequential Method To overcome the drawback of longitudinal and crosssectional method this method was used This is best method which combines longitudinal & cross-sectional method

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 66 Sequential Method People in a cross-sectional sample are tested more than once and the results are analysed to determined the differences that show up overtime for the different groups of subjects

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 67 Time Lag Method This method is studying the development of different age groups in different years to determine the effect of historical events on behaviour

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI Obstacles in Studying Lifespan Development 68 Que asked in Dec 12, June 13, Dec 14 and June 15 IGNOU – MA (Psychology) – MPC-002 (Block 1) Page #

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 69 Representative Sample Establishing rapport with the subject Appropriate Methodology Accuracy of Data Ethical Aspects Major Obstacles

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 70 Representative Sample Data collection from new born or infant, it is not that much easy There may be strong parental objection and their mood Getting older adolescents and young adults who are not attending school to volunteer a subject is also difficult The difficulty arises when many persons shy away from the testing situation

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 71 Establishing rapport with the subject It is difficult to get full personal detail about the subject Personal rapports vary from one stage to another stage There is no guarantee to the information being accurate This obstacle may be reduce only by the personal rapport with the subject

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 72 Appropriate Methodology Adaptation of an appropriate methodology is the main concern of a researcher Because of the wide age range of subject and the variety of different areas of development assorted methods have to be used Cross-sectional is the problem for researcher Cultural changes always play a role in patterns of physical and mental development of a child

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 73 Accuracy of Data Inaccuracy of the data may show the picture of false information of normal development The data may vary in many cases The data vary for different age levels The accuracy of such measures is questionable

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 74 Ethical Aspects Subject should not be paid by the researcher for the study The rights of subject is to be considered by the researcher Consent of the subject if adult and consent of parents/ guardians if child is an important

© Copyright 2016 VASANT R KOTHARI 75 VRK PPTs