Chapter 8 Growth and Development

Growth Physical changes in body –Height –Weight –Motor sensory adaptation –Development of sex organs

Development Increase in mental, emotional, and social capabilities –Intellectual (cognitive) ability –Variety in expression of emotions –Ability to cope with complex situations –Social and interpersonal skills

Key Terms Physical –Growth of body Psychosocial –Psychological and social development Cognitive –Intellectual processes

Key Concepts Human needs vary throughout lifespan Generalizations helpful –But not absolute Consider each patient unique

Question If a patient is anxious, which concept of growth and development is being demonstrated? A.Physical B.Psychosocial C.Cognitive

Answer B. Psychosocial Psychosocial includes both psychological and social –Psychological Emotions –E.g., love, hate, fear, anxiety

Answer B. Psychosocial Physical –Growth of body Cognitive –Intellectual processes

Life Stages Time frames for studying growth and development Start at conception and end with death Certain changes and needs characterize each stage

Life Stages 1950: Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development –Do not include physical aspects –Conflicts encountered in each stage –Resolving these conflicts advances person to next stage

Life Stages Psychosocial development can be delayed if conflict not resolved Process continuous over lifespan Stress can cause regression to earlier stage Baby boomers

Prenatal Conception to birth Zygote Embryo stage Fetus Rapid physical growth No psychosocial stage

Infancy Birth to 1 year Neonate Infant Physical growth Cognitive skills Trust versus mistrust

Toddler 1 to 3 years Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Preschooler 3 to 6 years Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Initiative versus guilt

School-Age Child 6 to 12 years Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Industry versus inferiority

Adolescence 12 to 20 years Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Identity versus role confusion

Question Which of the following stages does a toddler fall within according to Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development? A.Autonomy versus shame or doubt B.Trust versus mistrust C.Initiative versus guilt

Answer A. Autonomy versus shame or doubt Toddler –Autonomy versus shame or doubt Infancy –Trust versus mistrust Preschooler –Initiative versus guilt

Young Adulthood 20s and 30s Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Intimacy versus isolation

Middle Adulthood 40 to 65 years Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Generativity versus stagnation Chronic illness more likely to appear

Later Adulthood Young-old –65 to 74 years Middle-old –75 to 84 years Old-old (frail elderly) –85 years to death

Later Adulthood Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Ego integrity versus despair

Care Considerations Do not assume Do not stereotype Each stage has different care needs All need respect, compassion, and empathy

Question Which of the following age groups would include the care consideration of giving explanations along with the rationale? A.Toddler B.Preschooler C.Adolescent

Answer C. Adolescent Adolescent would benefit most by giving rationales –Toddler and preschooler not as cognitively developed

Other Theories Piaget’s Cognitive Stages Kohlberg’s Moral Stages Gilligan’s Stages of the Ethic of Care

Piaget’s Cognitive Stages Focus on children only Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational

Kohlberg’s Moral Stages Focus on moral development of humans Pre-conventional Conventional Postconventional

Gilligan’s Stages of the Ethic of Care Included females in her study Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

Question Which of the theorists focused on moral development in males? A. Kohlberg B. Gilligan C. Piaget

Answer A. Kohlberg’s theory focused on moral development in males. Gilligan – ethics of care focused on development in females Piaget – focus on children’s cognition

Future Trends Change in viewing and caring for later adulthood patients Older people healthier, more active, and more verbal

William H. Thomas Does not assign specific ages Cyclic nature of aging –Infant –Adolescent –Adult –Senescence –Elderhood

Question True or False: –Dr. William Thomas breaks the life span into five groupings with a specific assigned age range for each.

Answer False Dr. William Thomas has five groupings –But does not assign specific age ranges

Death and Dying Terminal illness Natural process –Last stage of human development Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Need for open communications Life review

Stages of Dying Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

Question True or False: –Moving away from the family home to go to school can result in a process similar to the death and dying stages identified by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross.

Answer True When there is a perceived loss, the suffering and grieving process can be initiated